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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thinking
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representing mental represenations for a purpose
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Concept
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mental representation of a cAtegory that is, an internal portrait of a class of objects, ideas, or events that share common properties.
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Categorization
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the process of identifying an object as an instance of a category-regognizing its similarity to some objects
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Well Defined
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concepts that have properties clearly setting them apart from other concepts
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Prototype
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an abstraction across many instances of a category
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Reasoning
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process by which people generate and evaluate arguements and beliefs
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Inductive Reasoning
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reasoning from specific observations to more general propositions that seem likely to be true
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Deductive reasoning
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logical reasoning that draws conclusions from premises and leads to certainty if the premises are correct
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Analogical Reasoning
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process by which people understand a novel situation in terms of a familiar one
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Problem solving
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process of transforming one situation into another to meet a goal, by identifying discrepancies between the initial state and
the goal state and using various operators to try to eliminate the discrepancies. |
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Problem solving strategies
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techniques that serve as guides for solving a problem.
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Mental simulation
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imagining the steps involved in solving a problem mentally before actualy undertaking them.
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Decision making
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people weigh the pros and cons of different alternatives in order to make a choice
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Explicit cognition
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involves conscious manipulation of representations
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Heuristics
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cognative shortcuts
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Bounded Rationality
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within limits imposed by environment and goals
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Implicit Cognition
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cognition outside of awareness
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Connectionist
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prarllel distributed processing (PDP)
PDP - many cognitive processes occur simultaneously in parallel and distrubuted throughout a network of interacting neural processing units. |
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Constraint Satisfaction
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process through which perception, memory, and thought occur: solution that satisfies most constraints
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frontal lobes
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important in thinking
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orsolateral prefrontal cortex
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associates complex ideas, allocating attention, making plans, and forming and executing intentions
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entromedial prefrontal cortex
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emotional control over decision making, inhibiting actions that lead to negative cnosequences and social
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Language
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rules for their combination that constitutes the primary mode of communication among humans.
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Phonemes
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smallest units of speech
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Morphemes
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smallest units of meaning
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Phrases
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groups of words combined into sentances
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Pragmatics
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the way language is used and understood in every day life
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Discorse
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the way people ordinarily speak, hear, read, and write
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a rational decision involves value and probability providing
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an estimate to its expected utility
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one of the most important problem-solving strategies is
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mental simulation
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many concepts are not easily defined by
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a precise set of features
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people tend to categorize objects on
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the basic level - broadest
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