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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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working memory
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short term memory
limited capacity, assumed to guide whatever tasks an individual is currently performing |
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reference memory
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long term memory, large capacity some info can be lost through interference or forgetting
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Matching to sample:
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no memory involved yet.
3 keys. Pigeon must peck the side key that matches the middle key |
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Delayed Matching to Sample:
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Middle sample key lights, must be pecked. All keys go dark. 2 side keys on - then pigeon must remember what the sample keys was and peck one of the matching side keys.
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Conditional Discrimination:
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Choice of stimulus dependent on which stimulus was just presented. The experimenter chooses relation.
(not sameness, but relational) ex. if red - choose horizontal line, if green - choose vertical |
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Increasing the delay between the sample stimulus and comparison stimulus =
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decreased average percentage of correct choices.
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Retroactive Interference:
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when the presentation of some new material interferes with the memory of something that was learned earlier
ex. memorize list A then B. Tested on A |
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Proactive Interference:
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When previously learned material impairs the learning of new material.
ex. memorize list D is harder after list A B and C have been memorized. |
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Radial Arm Maze
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use working memory=to collect food efficiently, the rat must remember either which arm has been visited already.
-as size # of arms increase, efficiency decrease -rats use visual landmarks in room to help keep track -rats remembered up to 4 hrs. later |
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Rehersal
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keeps info active in short term memory and promotes its transfer into long term memory
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directed forgetting:
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either a remember cue or a forget cue is presented. if the animal can choose whether or not to engage in rehearsal when shown the cue
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Directed forgetting study =
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house light on-remember cue
house light off- forget cue pigeons performed poorly on the surprise quizzes when they were told to forget. |
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Maintenance Rehersal
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serves to retain info in short term memory
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Associate Rehersal
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promotes long term associate learning
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Posttrial Episode study=
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the acquisition of a CR proceeds more slowly if some posttrial episode that distracts the animal occurs shortly after each conditioning trial
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Rabbits and rehearsal:
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rabbits engage in the rehearsal process using their working memory in order for a long term CS-US association to develop.
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Visual Concept Formation in Pigeons:
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reinforced with food to learn random 'positive' and 'negative' slides. 80 slides at a time, tested with all 320 slides = 90%accuracy
2 year delay=accuracy of 70% |
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Peak Procedure=
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peak of the response rate function on interval trials tells us how accurately the animals could time the interval.
ex. rats responded the fastest at just about the tie a response might be reinforced. |
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Conditional discrimination procedure with sample stimuli lasting various durations:
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rats are reinforced for pushing left lever after 5 sec tone and right lever after 8 sec tone.
they can discriminate between different durations |
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Weber's Law
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the amt a stimulus must be changed before the change is detectable is proportional to the size of the stimulus.
ex. a conditional discrimination procedure an animal can discriminate between and 4 and 5 second tone, but not a 10 and 11 second tone |
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Animals can discriminate between two different durations if it is...
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25% or more.
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Study to see if rats count?
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Mechner used a variation of FR in which a rat had to switch from one lever to another after completing the ratio requirement. If they switched too early, they weren't reinforced.
As ratio requirement increased, run length increased! |
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Skinners view of language?
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verbal behavior= mediated/reinforced by a listener.
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Mands=
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pieces of verbal behavior specify condition of speaker and behavior of listener
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Tacts=
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pieces of verbal behavior specify conditions of circumstances, bringing listener into contact with circumstances
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Washoe the chimp -
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leanred ASL, wide vocab but poor grammar
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Sarah the chimp -
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language with different plastic shapes that represented different words. Sentences were created by placing shapes on a board. Learned sentence structure.
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Nim Chimpsky:
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learned ASL but couldnt get word sequences correct. Long word strings were mostly repetitions.
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5 examples of reasoning in nonhumans:
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Location of Objects-Chimps shown 2 containers, 1 with apple, 1 with banana. Left room, returned to see trainer eating apple/banana- chimp went to remaining container
Object Permenance in dogs cats and birds Analogies in chimps Transitive Inference in chimps and rats (A<B,B<C, A<C) Tool Use and Manufacture |
