Psych 301 - Chapter 12

Front 1

4 factors which favor the evolution of parental behavior:

Back 1

Saturated habitats (crowded conditions)
Harsh or stressful environment (young cant survive without parental care)
Specialized Diet (young need to learn what to eat/drink and how to catch it)
Predation Pressure (protect young = most common)

Front 2

Parental Investment:

Back 2

those behaviors that increase the chances of offspring survival at the cost of the parents ability to produce and raise other offspring

Front 3

Paternal Certainty Hypothesis:

(mother has greater investment in offspring)

Back 3

females can always be certain their offspring is theirs, where males cannot

Front 4

Desert First Hypothesis:

(greater investment in offspring?)

Back 4

one sex generally provides care because the other sex can depart first after mating leaving parental care to the individual left with the eggs

Front 5

Association Hypothesis:

(mother has greater investment)

Back 5

the mother more often is immediately able to help the offspring after their birth b/c she is more likely to be near when they are born

Front 6

Cost Benefit Analysis as to how parents treat their offspring:

Back 6

mother genetic investment right after birth is a benefit. The cost to raising her young is small when compared to the benefit gained by the young.

Front 7

Conflict to this parent offspring relationship:

Back 7

when young mammals are weaned off milk to another diet

Front 8

Precocial=

Back 8

species whose young require little parenting

sea turtles, butterflies, maggots

Front 9

Altricial-

Back 9

species whose young require great parenting

us

Front 10

How do Mallee fowls incubate their eggs?

Back 10

build a mound of vegetation and the heat of the decay keeps the eggs warm
male measures temp with tongue and regulates temp. by removing decay.

Front 11

4 different strategies of nesting:

Back 11

location
camouflage - pheasants
inaccessibility -eagles
nesting in a colony

Front 12

Imprinting vs associative learning

Back 12

imprinting involves instinct/FAP

Front 13

Why are mammal altricial?

Back 13

supported exclusively by the mothers milk early in development

Front 14

Marsupial Reproduction and Parenting?

Back 14

gestation pd very brief, young are born very underdeveloped. Must find their way to the pouch and attach to the teat.
Female mates immediately to have a fertilized egg on hold

Front 15

Advantage of Group parenting (elephants)

Back 15

more models to imitate and constant supervision by adults

Front 16

Brood Parasitism in birds:

Back 16

when females lay eggs in the nests of other birds
intra=same species
inter=diff species

Front 17

why is brood parasitism a form of predation?

Back 17

the donor species gains while the host species loses

Front 18

Insurance Hypothesis:

Back 18

the 2nd chick is produced as a form of insurance if the first chick doesn't survive.

Front 19

Opportunism hypothesis:

Back 19

when resources are scarce, the 2nd chick is sacrificed

Front 20

Natal Dispersal

Back 20

the movement of a young animal from its place of birth to the place at which it first attempts to breed.

Front 21

Natal dispersal in birds vs mammals

Back 21

birds = female disperses more because males tend to keep or inherit territories.
mammals = males disperses more because male leaves after mating and seeks more females.