Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 factors which favor the evolution of parental behavior:
|
Saturated habitats (crowded conditions)
Harsh or stressful environment (young cant survive without parental care) Specialized Diet (young need to learn what to eat/drink and how to catch it) Predation Pressure (protect young = most common) |
|
Parental Investment:
|
those behaviors that increase the chances of offspring survival at the cost of the parents ability to produce and raise other offspring
|
|
Paternal Certainty Hypothesis:
(mother has greater investment in offspring) |
females can always be certain their offspring is theirs, where males cannot
|
|
Desert First Hypothesis:
(greater investment in offspring?) |
one sex generally provides care because the other sex can depart first after mating leaving parental care to the individual left with the eggs
|
|
Association Hypothesis:
(mother has greater investment) |
the mother more often is immediately able to help the offspring after their birth b/c she is more likely to be near when they are born
|
|
Cost Benefit Analysis as to how parents treat their offspring:
|
mother genetic investment right after birth is a benefit. The cost to raising her young is small when compared to the benefit gained by the young.
|
|
Conflict to this parent offspring relationship:
|
when young mammals are weaned off milk to another diet
|
|
Precocial=
|
species whose young require little parenting
sea turtles, butterflies, maggots |
|
Altricial-
|
species whose young require great parenting
us |
|
How do Mallee fowls incubate their eggs?
|
build a mound of vegetation and the heat of the decay keeps the eggs warm
male measures temp with tongue and regulates temp. by removing decay. |
|
4 different strategies of nesting:
|
location
camouflage - pheasants inaccessibility -eagles nesting in a colony |
|
Imprinting vs associative learning
|
imprinting involves instinct/FAP
|
|
Why are mammal altricial?
|
supported exclusively by the mothers milk early in development
|
|
Marsupial Reproduction and Parenting?
|
gestation pd very brief, young are born very underdeveloped. Must find their way to the pouch and attach to the teat.
Female mates immediately to have a fertilized egg on hold |
|
Advantage of Group parenting (elephants)
|
more models to imitate and constant supervision by adults
|
|
Brood Parasitism in birds:
|
when females lay eggs in the nests of other birds
intra=same species inter=diff species |
|
why is brood parasitism a form of predation?
|
the donor species gains while the host species loses
|
|
Insurance Hypothesis:
|
the 2nd chick is produced as a form of insurance if the first chick doesn't survive.
|
|
Opportunism hypothesis:
|
when resources are scarce, the 2nd chick is sacrificed
|
|
Natal Dispersal
|
the movement of a young animal from its place of birth to the place at which it first attempts to breed.
|
|
Natal dispersal in birds vs mammals
|
birds = female disperses more because males tend to keep or inherit territories.
mammals = males disperses more because male leaves after mating and seeks more females. |