Psych 300 Exam A Ch. 7

Front 1

Skinner Box (Operant Chamber)

Back 1

A structure used to study operant learning in small animals

Front 2

Classical Conditioning

Back 2

Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior

Front 3

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 3

An acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus

Front 4

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Back 4

A neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, begins to evoke a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus

Front 5

Conditioning

Back 5

The ability to connect stimuli (the changes that occur in our environment) with responses (behaviors or other actions)

Front 6

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Back 6

A reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs

Front 7

Discrimination

Back 7

The tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar, but not identical

Front 8

Extinction

Back 8

The reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

Front 9

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Back 9

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcement occurs for the first response made after a specific amount of time has passed

Front 10

Fixed-Ration Schedule

Back 10

A reinforcement schedule in which behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses

Front 11

Generalization

Back 11

The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus

Front 12

Insight

Back 12

The sudden understanding of the solution to a problem

Front 13

Latent Learning

Back 13

Learning that is not reinforced and not demonstrated until there is motivation to do so

Front 14

Law Of Effect

Back 14

The principle that responses that create a typically pleasant outcome in a particular situation are more likely to occur again in a similar situation, whereas responses that produce a typically unpleasant outcome are less likely to occur again in the situation

Front 15

Learning

Back 15

The relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior due to experience

Front 16

Negative Punishment

Back 16

The weakening of a response by removing a typically pleasant stimulus after the response

Front 17

Negative Reinforcement

Back 17

The strengthening of a response by removing a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response

Front 18

Observational Learning (Modeling)

Back 18

Learning by observing the behavior of others

Front 19

Operant Conditioning

Back 19

Learning that occurs based on the consequences of behavior

Front 20

Partial (Or Intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule

Back 20

A reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is sometimes reinforced, and sometimes not

Front 21

Phobia

Back 21

A strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation

Front 22

Positive Punishment

Back 22

The weakening of a response by presenting a typically unpleasant stimulus after the response

Front 23

Positive Reinforcement

Back 23

The strengthening of a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after the response

Front 24

Primary Reinforcer

Back 24

Stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism, such as food, water, and relief from pain

Front 25

Prisoner's Dilemma Game

Back 25

A social dilemma in which the goals of the individual compete with the goals of another individual (or sometimes with a group of other individuals)

Front 26

Punisher

Back 26

Any event that weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior

Front 27

Reinforcer

Back 27

Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior

Front 28

Second-Order Conditioning

Back 28

Conditioning that occurs when an existing conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for a new conditioned stimulus

Front 29

Secondary Reinforcer

Back 29

Neutral events that have become associated with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning

Front 30

Shaping

Back 30

The process of guiding an organism’s behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behavior

Front 31

Social Dilemma

Back 31

A situation in which the behavior that creates the most rewards for the individual may in the long term lead to negative consequences for the group as a whole

Front 32

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 32

The increase in responding to the conditioned stimulus (CS) after a pause that follows extinction

Front 33

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Back 33

The naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus

Front 34

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Back 34

Something (such as food) that naturally triggers a response

Front 35

Variable-Interval Schedule

Back 35

An interval reinforcement schedule in which the timing of the reinforcer is varied around the average interval, making the actual appearance of the reinforcer unpredictable

Front 36

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Back 36

A ratio reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is provided after an average number of responses