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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Traits
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consistent ways that people think, feel, and act across classes of situations
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Five-factor model
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Five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) that psychologists believe are the basic building blocks of personality
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Heritability
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The degree to which traits or physical characteristics rae determined by genes and hence interhrited from parents
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Monozygotic
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identical
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Dizygotic
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fraternal
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Diversification
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A principle that maintains that siblings develop into quite different people so that they can peacefully occupy different niches within the family environmental
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Distinctiveness hypothesis
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the hypothesis that we identify what makes us unique in each particular context, and we highlight that in our self-definition
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Social comparison theory
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The hypothesis that we compare ourselves to other people in order to evaluate our opinions, abilities and internal states
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Self-reference effect
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The tendency to elaborate on and recall information that is integrated into our self-knowledge
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personal beliefs
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Beliefs about our own personality traits, abilities, attributes, preferences, tastes and talents
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Social self-beliefs
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beliefs about the roles, duties, and obligations we assume in groups
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Relational self-beliefs
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Beliefs about our identities in specific relationships
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Collective self beliefs
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Our identity and beliefs as they relate to the social categories to which we belief
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Self-schemas
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Knowledge based summaries of our feelings and actions and how we understand others view about the self
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Self-image bias
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the tendency to judge other people's personalities according to their similarity or dissimilarity to their own personality
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Self-discrepancy theory
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A theory that appropriate behavior is motivated by cultural and moral standards regarding the ideal self and the ought self. Violations of those standards produce emotions such as guilt and shame
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Prevention focus includes
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Actual self and ought self
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Promotion focus includes
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Actual self and ideal self
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Ego depletion
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A state produced by acts of self-control, where we don't have the energy or resources to engate in further acts of self-control
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Self-esteem
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The positive or negative overall evaluation we have of ourselves
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Trait self esteem
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The enduring level of confidence and regard that people have or their defining abilities and characteristics across time
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State self-esteem
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The dynamic, changeable self-evaluations that are experienced as momentary feelings about the self
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Contingencies of self-worth
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An account of self-esteem maintaining that self-esteem is contingent on successes and failures in domains on which a person has based his or her self-worth
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Self-complexity
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The tendency to define the self in terms of many domains and attributes
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Sociometer hypothesis
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A hypothesis that maintains that self-esteem is an internal, subjective index or marker of the extent to which we re included or looked on favorably by others
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Self-evaluation maintenance model
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A model that maintains that we are motivated to view ourselves in a favorable light and that we do so through two processes: reflection and social comparison
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Self-verification theory
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A theory holds that we strive for stable, accurate beliefs about the self because such beliefs gives us a sense of coherence
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Identity ues
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Customary facial expressions, posture, gait, clothes....which signal to others important facets of our identity and by implication how we are to be treated and construed by others
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Self-handicapping
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The tendency to engage in self-defeating behaviors in order to prevent others from drawing unwanted attributions about the self as a result of poor performance
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