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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(OLS) Probability
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- used when different outcomes are possible
- stated as a fraction or proportion - number of outcomes classified by X/ all possible outcomes - between 0 - 1 |
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(OLS) Theoretical Probability
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- assigns values based on theory
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(OLS) Empirical Probability
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- assigns values based on observation
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(OLS) Independence of Trials
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- one trial does not effect another
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(OLS) Probability of Random Sampling
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- each individual in population must have an equal chance of being selected
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(OLS) Probability and the Normal Distribution
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- Characteristics of a normal distribution
- symmetrical - unimodal - mean, median and mode in same location - a proability distribution |
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(OLS) Normal Distribution and Z scores
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- Mean = 0
- Standard Deviation = 1 |
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By knowing the makeup of a population we can determine the probability of obtaining ...
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- specific samples
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Probabilty gives us a connection between
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- populations and samples
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Two Stage Process
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- we develop probability as a bridge from populations to samples (identifying types of samples that probably would be obtained from a specific population)
- reverse probability rules (use probability to make a inference about population from sample) |
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Probability (BY#'s)
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- requires a situation with several different outcomes are possible
- probability for any specific outcome is defined as a fraction or proportion of all possible outcomes |
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Random Sampling
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- each individual has an equal chance of being selected
- probabilities must stay constant |
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Sampling with Replacement
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- return to every individual back into the population before you make the next selection
- satisfiies probability constancy requirements for random sample |
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Hey!... stop letting this question trip you up?.... random sample probability questions will always involve...
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Replacement!!!!
- no need to correct for occurence of prior events |
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Z - Scores measure positions in a distribution in terms of ...
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- standard deviations
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Distribution of Z scores on the Normal Distribution
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- mean = 0
- 1 = 34.13% - 1 - 2 = 13.59% - 2 --> = 2.28% |
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A distribution is only right if it has ...
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- all the right proportions
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When a any distribution is transformed into z - scores, the mean becomes ______ and the standard deviation becomes _______
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When a any distribution is transformed into z - scores, the mean becomes __0__ and the standard deviation becomes __1___
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Given :: normal distr, pop mean, std dev
find probability of score (BY#s) |
1. Transform the X values into z scores
2. Use the unit normal table to look up the proportions corresponding to the z - score values DEE.PoP (reconstruct inquiry in terms of probability and use the unit normal table as template-total-probability and cut it up into relevant sections... inquiry acts as a filter in which totality understood in terms of the question) |
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when trying to find the probability between two points where one in negative and one is positive use which column on the unit normal table?
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- D
- propotion between mean and score and add them up |
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Finding a score from probability (BYLoGos)
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- you want to find that point value above or below the mean that corresponds to that z score
- multiplying z score by std deviation gives you the amount of points above or below the mean - adding extrapalated point differential to mean gives you the raw score |
