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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"little scientist" |
The stage-five toddler (age 12 to 18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration. |
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deferred imitation |
A sequence in which an infant first perceives something done by someone else and then performs the same action hours or even days later. |
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fMRI |
Functional magnetic resonance imaging, a measuring technique in which the brain's electrical excitement indicates activation anywhere in the brain; fMRI helps researchers locate neurological responses to stimuli. |
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habituation |
The process of becoming accustomed to an object or event through repeated exposure to it, and thus becoming less interested in it. |
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mirror neurons |
Cells in an observer's brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer were actually performing that action. |
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object permanence |
The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard. |
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primary circular reactions |
The first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli and tries to understand them. |
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secondary circular reactions |
The second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move. |
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sensorimotor intelligence |
Piaget's term for the way infants think--by using their senses and motor skills--during the first period of cognitive development. |
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tertiary circular reactions |
The third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world. |
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affordance |
An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment. |
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explicit memory |
Memory that is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a specific test). Most explicit memory involves consciously learned words, data, and concepts. |
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implicit memory |
Unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations. |
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reminder session |
A perceptual experience that helps a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience. |
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visual cliff |
An experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop-off between one horizontal surface and another. |
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babbling |
An infant's repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old. |
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child-directed speech |
The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants and children. (Also called baby talk or motherese.) |
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grammar |
All the methods--word order, verb forms, and so on--that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves. |
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holophrase |
A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. |
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language acquisition device (LAD) |
Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation. |
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mean length of utterance (MLU) |
The average number of words in a typical sentence (called utterance, because children may not talk in complete sentences). MLU is often used to indicate how advanced a child's language development is. |
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naming explosion |
A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age. |
