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166 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
an individual’s behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses
temperament
easy temperaments -->
well-adjusted adults
difficult temperaments -->
trouble adjusting as adults
boys with difficult temperaments -->
do not pursue further education
girls with difficult temperaments -->
marital problems
inhibited temperament -->
less likely to be assertive adults
attachment leads to..?
more secure in romantic attachments
positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, not overly concerned with/stressed out about their romantic relationships

High self-acceptance, self-esteem, and self-efficacy
secure attachment style
hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner
avoidant attachment style
demand closeness, less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive
anxious attachment style
our own attitudes and values are supported and validated when someone else’s attitudes and values are similar to our own, also they become more predictable
consensual validation
spark that ignites a romantic relationship
physical attraction
what do women value in a relationship?
considerateness, honesty, dependability, kindness, understanding, and earning prospects
what do men value in a relationship?
good looks, cooking skills, and frugality
what is the complication when it comes to attractiveness?
: the standard of what is attractive is dynamic
true or false

we may prefer someone very attractive, but in real-life people tend to choose someone on about their same attractiveness level (works in relationships, not necessarily in marriage)
true
Romantic love
passionate love or Eros

Strong components of sexuality and infatuation

Passion, fear, anger, sexual desire, joy, and jealousy

Passion: Yes; Intimacy: No; Commitment: No
Affectionate love
companionate love

One desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection

Passion: No; Intimacy: Yes; Commitment: Yes
Consummate love
Involves passion (physical and sexual attraction), intimacy (emotional feelings of warmth, closeness and sharing), and commitment (cognitive appraisal of the relationship and the intent to maintain the relationship despite problems)
Fatuous love
-Passion: Yes; Intimacy: No; Commitment: Yes
what % of people cohabit in the u.s.?
11% to 60% in the United States
what is a difficulty with cohabitation?
Difficulty owning property jointly

Legal rights on the dissolution of the relationship are less certain than in a divorce
what effects does cohabitation have on marriage?
Cohabitation has either no effects on marriage, or it has negative effects
how is marriage thought of previously and presently?
Previously: marriage thought of as end of “growing up”

Presently: personal fulfillment in and out of marriage is competing with marriage

The average duration of a marriage in the US is just over 9 years
What factors lead to higher rates of divorce?
Youthful marriage, low educational level, low income, no religious affiliation, having divorced parents, having a baby before marriage
bounced back from stressful circumstances and create something meaningful out of their problems
enhancers
some strengths and some weaknesses; they try to solve their problems but are not as good at planning and are less persistent than enhancers
good-enoughs
motivated to find new mates ASAP
seekers
spend time in singles bars and have casual sex; after a year they want a stable relationship
libertines
well–adjusted, self-sufficient, and socially-skilled; successful career, active social life, wide range of interests, but little interest in sharing life with anyone else
competent loners
usually had pre-divorce problems; can’t handle added stress of a divorce
defeated
what is middle adulthood?
The developmental period that begins at approximately 40-45 years old and goes until 60 to 65 years old
normal middle adulthood consists of:
Normally: declining physical skills and expanding responsibility

Become aware of the amount of time remaining in their lives

Seek to transmit something meaningful to the next generation- leave a legacy
What is sarcopenia?
age-related loss of muscle mass and strength
what does accommodation refer to?
Ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina (diminishes in middle adulthood)
hearing in middle adulthood?
Hearing: declines by age 40 (50% of individuals by age 50)

Sensitivity to high pitches declines first
cardiovascular functioning in middle adulthood?
Cardiovascular: cardiovascular disease increases in middle age

Fatty deposits and scar tissue slowly accumulate in the linings of blood vessels, reducing blood flow to organs; cholesterol levels increase; blood pressure rises
Metabolic Syndrome-
hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance
lung functioning in middle adulthood?
Lung: little change in lung capacity throughout middle adulthood
At about 55, proteins in lung tissue become less elastic, and chest wall gradually stiffens
sleep in middle adulthood?
Sleep: wakeful periods are more common, and there is less of the deepest kind of sleep
what can be a big factor in disease?
When a person is under STRESS, viruses and bacteria are more likely to multiply and cause disease
Immunosenescense
progressive decline in the immune system
Chronic stress associated with..?
high blood pressure and heart disease
time when a woman’s menstrual periods stop completely
menopause
Perimenopause
transitional period from normal menstrual cycle to none

About 10 years; depressed feelings, headaches, moodiness, and palpitations
Erectile dysfunction
inability to adequately achieve and maintain an erection that results in satisfactory sexual performance
Crystallized intelligence
individual’s accumulated information and verbal skills (increases during M.A.)
Fluid intelligence
one’s ability to reason abstractly (declines in middle adulthood)
Quest for meaning (4 values)
need for values, purpose, sense of self-efficacy, self-worth
need for purpose
goals and fulfillments
need for values
lends sense of goodness or positive characterization of life
need for sense of self-efficacy
believe they can control their environment
need for self-worth
can be found individually or in a group
Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation
Generativity-adults desire to leave legacies of themselves

Biological, parental, work, cultural
Committed to the improvement of society

Stagnation-sense that they’ve done nothing for the next generation
Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life
Transition from teen to adult-novice phase (dream of future)

28-33 more serious time of facing goals, focus on family and career

Becoming one’s own man or BOOM
Transition to middle adulthood lasts from 40-45: adult comes to grips with:
Being young vs being old

Being destructive vs being constructive

Being masculine vs being feminine

Being attached to others vs being separate
what does levinson say about midlife?
midlife is a crisis-adults are suspended between the past and future
what peaks during midlife?
Cognitive skills (like vocabulary, verbal memory, and inductive reasoning) peak

Life-satisfaction is reported as being high
What is empty nest syndrome?
Parents who live vicariously through their children experience new adjustments as a result of the children’s absence

Decrease in marital satisfaction occasionally
3 sources of grandparenting:
biological reward and continuity,

emotional fulfillment, and

companionship and satisfaction
3 styles of grandparenting:
formal

fun-seeking

distant
Cellular Clock Theory
cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times

As we age, cells become less capable of dividing

(Telomeres-cap chromosomes; get shorter with each division)
Free-Radical Theory
People age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include free radicals (unstable oxygen molecules)-these free radicals ricochet around the cells and damage DNA and other cellular structures
Mitochondrial Theory
Aging is due to the decay of mitochondria (decay is mainly due to oxidative damage and loss of critical micronutrients supplied by the cell)
Hormonal Stress Theory
Aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease
With age, the brain decreases in?
weight and volume ((starts middle adulthood, accelerates in late adulthood))
Prefrontal cortex shrinks with aging but.... -->
The brain has repair capability (certain activities can increase brain volume)
Neurogenesis
generation of new neurons does occur in old age

Dendrites stop growing

Decrease in laterization
what may accelerate the effects of aging on immunity?
Extended duration of stress and diminished restorative processes in adults
Low protein levels →
decreased T cells
physical appearance and movement in old age...
Wrinkles, age sports, height decrease (bone loss in vertebrae), weight drop

Decreased muscle and bone, increased fat
what declines as far as vision?
Visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception decline

Dark adaptation is slower (longer time to adjust from well-lit to semi-dark)
what is the cause of color vision loss?
yellowing of the lens
thickening of the eye lens (cloudy, opaque, distorted vision)
Cataracts
Glaucoma
damage to optic nerve created by buildup of fluid in the eye
deterioration of the macula of the retina (corresponds to the focal center of the visual field)
Macular Degeneration
hearing and aging?
15% of population over age 65 are legally deaf (degeneration of cochlea-primary nerve receptor in the inner ear)
what can help the elderly hear?
Hearing aids-amplify sound

Cochlear implants-restore some hearing
smelling and tasting???
Great decline in sense of smell, smaller decline in sense of taste

Reduces enjoyment of food and life satisfaction
touch and pain in old age?
Decline in touch sensitivity; less sensitive to pain
6 leading causes of death in old age?
heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease (stroke), chronic lung disease, pneumonia & influenza, & diabetes
What are the direct benefits to exercise for people in late adulthood?
Increased longevity, prevention of common chronic diseases, improvement in treatment of chronic diseases, improved cellular functioning, optimize body composition and reduce decline in motor skills, decreased likelihood of mental health problems, treatment of mental health problems, and improved brain and cognitive functioning
Cognitive mechanics
the “hardware” of the mind; neurophysiological architecture of the brain developed through evolution; sensory input, attention, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization (declines with age)
Cognitive pragmatics
culture-based “software programs” of the mind; reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, type of life; improvement with age is possible

remains in old age.. no decline
speed of processing in late adulthood
Speed of processing declines with age (due to a decline in brain and central nervous system function)
Selective Attention
focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant and ignoring others that are irrelevant
Divided attention
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
Sustained attention
state of readiness to detect and respond to small changes occurring at random times in the environment, i.e. vigilance
Retention of information about the where and when of life
episodic memory
Autobiographical memory
personal recollection of facts and events (stored as episodic memories)

declines in old age
semantic memory
Person’s knowledge about the world (including fields of expertise)

Longer to retrieve, but this info still available in old age
Perceptual speed-
ability to perform simple perceptual-motor tasks
Explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state, i.e. declarative memory (ex: knowing what you wanted to buy at grocery store, explaining a movie, etc)
implicit memory
memory without conscious recollection (ex: driving)
Ability to remember where one learned something
source memory
remembering to do something
prospective memory
what helps improve memory?
high self-efficacy
Why do older people go back to school?
Better understand the nature of their aging, want to learn more about the social and technological changes that have produced dramatic changes in their lives, discover relevant knowledge and learn relevant skills to cope with societal and job demands, to stay competitive in work, enhance self-discovery
What can buffer age-related declines in intelligence?
Intellectual and social engagement
training
can improve the cognitive skills of many older adults but there is loss in plasticity in late adulthood
Major depression
mood disorder in which the person is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored
predictors of major depression
poor health, disability, loss events (deaths), low social support
-any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning
dementia
Alzheimer Disease
a form of dementia; a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and body
Multi-Infarct Dementia
sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated temporary obstruction of blood flow in cerebral arteries
chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis; triggered by degeneration of dopamine
Parkinson disease

said to be curable within the next decades
Integrity versus Despair
Involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one’s life has not been well spent
life review set in motion by
looking forward to death
Activity Theory
The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their life (lower mortality rate, greater happiness, and better functioning)
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Older adults become more selective about their social networks; they place a high value on emotional satisfaction so they spend time with individuals with whom they have rewarding relationships

Individuals are motivated to achieve knowledge-related and emotional goals
Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory
Successful aging is linked with three main factors: selection, optimization, and compensation (people produce new resources and allocate them to tasks they want to master)
Selection
older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which requires a reduction in performance in most life domains
Optimization
it is possible to maintain performance through practice and new technology
Compensation
becomes relevant when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult’s performance potential
OCEAN
openness
conscientiousness
extroversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
Ageism
prejudice about other people because of their age
Eldercare
The physical and emotional caretaking of older members of the family (or arranging and overseeing such care)
What is generational inequity?
The view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving an inequitably large allocation of resources
the convoy model of social relations
Individuals go through life embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they give and from whom they receive social support
Altruistic adults...?
live longer, are more satisfied with life, & are less depressed
components of the death system:
people, places or contexts, times, objects, symbols, warnings and predictions, preventing death, caring for the dying, disposing of the dead, social consolidation after death, making sense of death, and killing
Brain death
all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time (higher portion of the brain dies sooner than the lower part; the lower point controls heartbeat and breathing)
euthanasia
the act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals who are suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability
active euthanasia
death is deliberately induced (ex: lethal drugs injected)
passive euthanasia
a person is allowed to die by withholding available treatment
who “Assisted Suicide” ??
Jack Kevorkian
program committed to make the end of life as pain-free as possible
hospice
reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity
palliative care
view of death 3-5:
death exists
view of death ages 6-9:
death exists but only happens to some people
view of death ages 9 and up:
death is final and universal
Kastenbaum's belief..?
children are trying to understand death
view of death in adolescence
death seems very remote and distant; can be described abstractly
view of death in adulthood
increase in consciousness of aging
concern with Kubler-Ross' theory:
The existence of the five-stages has not been demonstrated
death stage 1
Denial and Isolation
death stage 2
anger
death stage 3
bargaining
death stage 4
depression
death stage 5
acceptance
contemporary life-events approach
Emphasizes that how a life event influences the individual's development depends not only on the life event, but also on mediating factors, the individual's adaptation to the life event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context
social clock
the timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career.
middle-aged women have more ______ stressors, whereas their male counterparts have more ______ stressors.
interpersonal; self-focused
age groups in other culture -->
sometimes absent. some cultures have no words for "adolescent", "young adult" or "middle-aged adult"
in Helson's mills college study, what were the three main groups distinguished among the mills women?
family-oriented, career-oriented, and neither path(women w/out children and low-level work)
the deterioration of the brain in alzheimer disease is characterized by the formation of ...?
amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
amyloid plaques
dense deposits of protein that accumulate in the blood vessels
neurofibrillary tangles
twisted fibers that build up in neurons
mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
represents a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and other dementias.
what chemical is associated with Alzheimer's disease?
acetylcholine
what chemical is associated with Parkinson's disease?
dopamine
true or false

grief is a simple emotional state, accompanying the loss of someone we love.
false-

grief is a complex, evolving process with multiple dimensions
Dual-process model
a model of coping with bereavement that emphasizes oscillation between two dimensions: (1)loss-oriented stressors, and (2)restoration-oriented stressors
loss-oriented stressors
focus on the deceased individual and can include grief work and both positive and negative reappraisal of the loss.
restoration-oriented stressors
involve the secondary stressors that emerge as indirect outcomes of bereavement. includes changing identity, and mastering skills.
infatuation
passion

but no intimacy or commitment
affectionate love
intimacy and commitment

but no passion
fatuous love
passion and commitment

but no intimacy
consummate love
passion and intimacy and commitment

strongest form of love
traditional approach
views development as being extensive from birth to adolescence (especially during infancy), little to none during adulthood, and declining in old age
life-span perspective
views development as lifelong, multidirectional, multidimensional, multidisciplinary, plastic & contextual. also as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and a regulation of loss
Denial & isolation
usually only temporary defense

replaced with financial consideration, unfinished business & worry aabout surviving family members
anger
"why me?"

jealousy. anger on nurses and those who are healthy
bargaining
usually bargain with god in attempt to delay their death
acceptance
sense of peace. feelings and physical pain virtually absent
depression
accepts certainty of death. silent in attempt to disconnect from love objects & contemplate