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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sensory memory
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the fleeting retention of sights, sounds, and other sensations that have just been experienced
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long-term memory
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information retained on an enduring basis
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working memory
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(aka short-term memory) a kind of workspace in which info from sensory memory and long-term memory is brought together, attended to, and processed
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sensory memory can hold a __ amount of memory for __
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moderate amount; a fraction of a second
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working memory: information decays after about __-__seconds
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15-30
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long-term memory has how much capacity store?
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unlimited
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executive control function
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monitors and directs the interactions among the other components
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encoding
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transforming information for storage in memory
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retrieval
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based on cues, locating information in LTM and bringing it to STM
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short term memory (STM) has how much capacity?
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limited
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STM capacity can be increased by __
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chunking
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there are more __ in the LTM than there are in the STM
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associations
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working memory comprises what 3 systems?
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visual-spatial system, verbal system, executive system
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visual-spatial system
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stores visual info
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verbal system
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stores auditory info
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executive system
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manipulates attention and controls action
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basic processes
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the simplest and most frequently used mental activities (such as encoding)
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rehearsal
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the process of repeating info over and over to aid memory (a strategy)
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selective attention
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the process of intentionally focusing on the info that is most relevant to the current goal (a strategy)
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age at which strategies generally emerge
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between 5 and 8 years
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utilization deficiency
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the phenomenon that initial uses of strategies do not improve memory as much as later uses
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autobiographical memory
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explicit memories of events that took place at specific times and places in an individual's personal past
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infantile amnesia
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the inability of most adults to remember anything of their lives before the age of 3 and little more before the age of 5
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organization
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grouping semantically related info (same meaning)
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3 strategies
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rehearsal,organization, elaboration
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production deficiency
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even when children learn a strategy and can use it effectively, they fail to produce it spontaneously
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the ability to screen out irrelevant info increases dramatically between __ and __
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6 yrs and adulthood
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with age, children get better at __ and __
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screening out irrelevant info and choosing where to allocate effort
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Chi study showed that __
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knowledge has a powerful impact on memory (as great or greater than age)
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does STM capacity increase with age?
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it's hard to tell because it's hard to separate age from the effects of increased knowledge and experience
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avg. age of first memory is __
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3.5 yrs.
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stages of memory from 0 to 6+ yrs.
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0-3 yrs=complete absence
3-6 yrs=fragmentary memories 6+ yrs=coherent, continuous history |
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script
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generalized knowledge of events, including the elements and the order in which they occur
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when does self-recognition emerge?
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at 18-24 mos.
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children of elaborative mothers __ __
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recall more
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do women or men generally have an earlier first memory?
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women
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longer more detailed memories that pertain to emotion-women or men?
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women
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Asians have ___ age of first memory
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later
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Asians have less __ memories
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detailed
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at __ mos., there is no gender difference in the amount of emotion discussed by children
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40
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at __ mos., girls talk about emotion 3x as much as boys
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70
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3 components of moral development
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moral reasoning, conscience, behavior
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in moral reasoning, younger children (below 6) focus on __ whereas older children (above 6) focus on __
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consequences; intentions
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overlapping-waves theory
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an information-processing approach that emphasizes the variability of children's thinking
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sociocultural theories
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approaches that emphasize the contribution to children's development of other people and the surrounding culture
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guided participation
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a process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to learn
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cultural tools
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the innumerable products of human ingenuity that enhance thinking
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Piaget
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thought of children as little scientists, trying to understand the world on their own
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Vygotsky's view on children
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thought of children as social beings, shaped by their cultural contexts
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Vygotsky's 3 phases of children's dev. of behavior and problem-solving
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1)their behavior is controlled by other people's statements 2)private speech 3)internalized private speech
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private speech
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children tell themselves what to do out loud
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intersubjectivity
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the mutual understanding that people share during communication
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joint attention
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a process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment
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social referencing
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the tendency to look to social partners for guidance about how to respond to unfamiliar or threatening events
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phonemes
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the elementary units of meaningful SOUND used to produce languages
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morphemes
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the smallest units of MEANING in a language, composed of one or more phonemes
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syntax
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rules in a language that specify how words from different categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) can be combined
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pragmatic development
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the acquisition of knowledge about how language is used (like tone of voice changes meaning)
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metalinguistic knowledge
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an understanding of the properties and function of language-that is, an understanding of language as language
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critical period
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the time during which language develops readily and after which (between age 5 and puberty)it is much much harder
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modularity hypothesis
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the idea that the human brain contains an innate, self-contained language module that is separate from other aspects of cognitive functioning
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reference
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the associating of words and meanings
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holophrastic period
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when children begin using the words in their small productive vocabulary one word at a time
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overextension
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the use of a given word in a broader context than is appropriate (like "dog" for any 4-legged animal)
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style
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the strategies that young children enlist in beginning to speak
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referential (analytic) style
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speech strategy that analyzes the speech stream into individual phonetic elements and words
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Vygotsky's view on language
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thought is internalized speech and thought originates in large part in statements that parents and other adults make to children
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private speech is most prevalent between ages __ and__
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4 and 6
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sociocultural theorists believe that the foundation of human cognitive development is our ability to establish __
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intersubjectivity
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joint attention and social referencing emergence at about the same time at between _ and_ mos.
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9 and 15
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2 views of role of culture in child development
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1)development is the acquisition of culture (Vygotsky)
2)development is embedded in culture (in the center) |
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aphasia
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a condition in which language functions are severely impaired
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Most infants produce their first words between __ and__ mos. of age
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10 and 15
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productive vocabulary
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the words a child is able to say
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telegraphic speech
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children's first sentences that are generally two-word utterances
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2 pieces of evidence that children do learn the grammatical rules of their language
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1)word endings; they are able to pluralize nouns and put verbs into the past tense
2)they use the correct irregular forms of words that violate the standard rules (like "men" and "went" as opposed to "mans" and "goed" |
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overregularization
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speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular
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collective monologues
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young children's talk with one another in which the content of each child's turn has little or nothing to do with what the other child has just said
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narratives
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descriptions of past events that have the basic structure of a story
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Nativist view
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(Chomsky)
children are born with an innate knowledge of linguistic rules |
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universal grammar
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a set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages
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strongest supporting evidence for Nativist views
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the invention of sign language by deaf children with no linguistic input from adults
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Interactionist view
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virtually everything about language development is influenced by its communicative function
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Connectionist view
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language development is based on general-purpose learning mechanisms
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connectionism
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a type of information processing approach that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous, interconnected processing units
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dual representation
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the idea that a symbolic artifact must be mentally represented in 2 ways at the same time-both as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself
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emotional self-regulation
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the ability to control one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
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internal feeling states
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the subjective experience of emotion
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emotion-related cognitions
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thoughts about what one wants or one's interpretation of a situation
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emotion-related physiological processes
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physiological reactions that can change by regulating one's feelings and thoughts (like heart rate)
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social competence
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the ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others
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temperament
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biologically-based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation that demonstrate consistency across situations
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New York Longitudinal Study methods
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interviewed parents about their infants' nine characteristics and then categorized the results as easy babies, difficult babies, or slow-to-warm-up babies
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NY Longitudinal Study results
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40% easy babies
10% difficult babies 15% slow-to-warm-up babies (the rest didn't fit in any category) |
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9 dimensions of temperament from NY Longitudinal Study
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mood, adaptability, approach/withdrawal, intensity, rhythym, persistence, threshold, activity, distractibility
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intensity
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strength of emotional reactions; extreme highs and lows vs. mellow
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rhythym
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regularity of biological cycles; predictable vs. unpredictable
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persistence
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response to challenges and obstacles; gives up vs. keeps at it
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threshold
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sensitivity to stimulation; notice vs. doesn't notice small change
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behavioral inhibition
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a temperamentally based style of responding characterized by the tendency to be particularly fearful and restrained when dealing with new or stressful situations
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goodness of fit
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the degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment
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___ has its root in temperament (and is thus biologically-based) but is also shaped by interactions with the social and physical world
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personality
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psychoanalytic theory of attachment
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become attached because mom satisfies baby's "oral needs"; first relationship provides model for all others
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behaviorist theory of attachment
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mom provides relief from hunger; positive associations lead to attachment
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Harlow & Zimmerman Study
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compared the development of monkeys who were isolated from birth with those who were reared normally by their mothers. when the isolated monkeys were finally placed with other monkeys 6 months later, they showed severe social disturbances
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what did the Harlow & Zimmerman study show?
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that children's healthy social and emotional development is rooted in their early social interactions with adults
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attachment theory
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(John Bowlby) children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival
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secure base
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Bowlby's term for when an attachment figure's presence provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the infant to explore the environment
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social referencing
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looking to others when unsure
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separation anxiety peaks at ___
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14-20 mos.
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stranger anxiety peaks at ____
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8-10 mos.
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imprinting
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(Lorenz)
a form of learning in which the young of some species of newborn birds and mammals become attached to and follow adult members of the species |
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internal working model of attachment
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the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is constructed by its experiences with caregivers; this model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages
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Strange Situation
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Ainsworth's procedure in which the infant and its parent are placed in a lab playroom filled with interesting toys. the child is then exposed to 7 episodes, including 2 separations and 2 reunions with the parent, and 2 interactions with a stranger (one when the parent is present and one when the parent is out of the room)
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results of Ainsworth's Strange Situation study
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she found 3 behavioral patterns: secure attachment (the majority), insecure/resistant, and insecure/avoidant
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secure attachment
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sad to see parent leave and happy when they return (use them as a secure base) and recover quickly from any distress
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insecure/resistant
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get very upset when parent leaves the room, but when they come back, it both seeks comfort from parent and resists their embrace at the same time
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insecure/avoidant
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indifferent toward parent (both when they leave and when they come back); just as easily comforted by a stranger as they are by their parent)
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disorganized/disoriented attachment
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don't fit into other categories; their behavior is inconsistent
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adult attachment models
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working models of attachment in adulthood that are believed to be based upon adults' perceptions of their own childhood experiences-especially their relationships with their parents-and of the influence of these experiences on them as adults
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all the insecurely-attached Japanese infants were ____
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insecure/resistant
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parental sensitivity
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such things as responsive caregiving when child is distressed and helping children engage in learning situations
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an important factor that contributes to the security of an infant's attachment is ____
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parental sensitivity
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when does social comparison emerge mostly?
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8-11 yrs. (middle to late elementary school)
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personal fable
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a form of egocentrism in which adolescents overly differentiate their feelings from those of others and come to regard themselves as unique and special
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3 components of moral development
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moral reasoning, conscience, behavior
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prosocial behaviors
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benefit others (helping, sharing, etc)
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Piaget believed that ____, more than ____ account for advances in children's moral reasoning
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interactions with peers; adult influence
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Piaget's 2 stages of development in children's moral reasoning
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1)Morality of Constraint
2)Autonomous Morality |
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Morality of Constraint
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children younger than 7-8 yrs., believe that rules are unchangeable and whatever parent, authority says is right; deviating from these rules is bad; **it is in this stage that they believe that what determines if an action is good or bad is the consequences, not the intentions
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social conventional judgements
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decisions that pertain to customs or regulations intended to secure social coordination and social organization (like table manners)
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prosocial behaviors emerge by when?
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the second year
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the 2 most important contributors to moral reasoning are __ and__ and they took a __ approach to studying the development of moral reasoning
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Piaget and Kohlberg; cognitive developmental
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reflexive vocalization (and age)
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hiccups, crying, burps, sighs; 0-2 mos.
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two theories on what gets children from sentences to rules
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empiricist and nativist
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nativist vs. empiricist
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nativist: properties of the learner
empiricist: properties of the environment |
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according to Huttenlocher, children (at what age?) (do what?) if their mothers/teachers do the same?
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4-5 yr olds use more complex sentences
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