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140 Cards in this Set

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general definition from the DSM-IV defines ADHD as
"a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development"
Attention disorders
characterized by difficulty in concentrating, tuning in to sensory information, and engagement or active participation
ADHD is characterized by three primary features:
inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity
Impulsivity
difficulty in withholding active responses, such as blurting out statements or grabbing materials
Hyperactivity
refers to an inability of a child to restrain their activity, to sustain attention, to resist distracting influences, and to inhibit impulsive responses: frequent failure to comply in age-appropriate fashion.
subtypes of ADHD
; predominantly hyperactive/impulsive ; combined; not otherwise specified
In Canada, the diagnosis rate of ADHD is
as high as 1 in every 20 children, with a greater frequency among males than females
factors that may influence ADHD rates
females may not be identified or under-identified; population variables such as ethnicity, urban or rural status, the age range of the individuals, and the criteria that are used to define ADHD
biological etiology
inconclusive and often contradictory; powerful genetic component
ADHD is most likely to be diagnosed
during a student's elementary school years but typically begins in early years
ADHD performance in classroom
compromised by inattention, distractibility, disorganization, memory problems, and difficulty with completing work
Children with ADHD are ______ more likely than their peers to be retained, suspended, or expelled, or to require special education.
three to seven times
ADHD comorbidity
Approximately 50 percent of children with ADHD qualify for an additional condition, the most common being oppositional defiance disorder .
Social Behaviour of ADHD children
Children with ADHD exhibit social competence deficits and difficulties in interpersonal relationships with peers and others. Some argue that these social problems should be considered the defining characteristic of the condition.
Assessment of ADHD
multimodal: interviews, questionnaires, observations, and standardized measurements such as child behaviour rating scales, parent self-report measures, and direct behavioural observations of students
ADHD intervention
ADHD cannot be cured, and all interventions have as their major aim helping an individual to improve and to cope with the multiple domains affected by ADHD.
the first recommended method of ADHD manaement
psychopharmacological treatment is the first recommended method of management; medication rates among students with ADHD range from 52 to 71 percent.
first choice of stimulant medication among doctors
Ritalin; prescribe it 10 times more than antidepressants and tranquilizers combined
What percent of children diagnosed with ADHD require special education?
12 to 34 percent of children; general classroom is common and appropriate place for almost all ADHD students
Cognitive-behavioural interventions for ADHD
emphasize a child's involvement in cognitively planning the completion of an educational task
overarching concept of cognitive-behavioural approaches
self management , defined as a set of procedures designed to develop the self regulation of behaviour
attribution training
offshoot of self management: Attributions are the reasons that people give for what happens to them, so attribution training attempts to show students the relationship between hard work and success.
negative side effects of using stimulant drugs
appetite loss, headache, growth inhibition,persistent tics, sleep disturbance
strategies that can be used to create an accessible classroom for children with ADHD
study carrels, allow the child to move, reduce clutter, define student workspace
strategies of cognitive behaviour management
; self monitoring; self instruction; self management
Drugs were first used in the treatment of hyperactive children in
1937
In about 66 to 75 percent of cases, which professional is responsible for recommending that a student be assessed for ADHD?
teacher
Which types of drugs seem to produce the fewest side-effects?
stimulants
Among children with ADHD, the most common co-morbid condition is
ODD
The first categorization of the ADD syndrome in DSM was called __________.
hyperkinetic reaction of childhood
For a diagnosis of__________, a child must show six or more inattentive symptoms, but fewer than six hyperactive/impulsive symptoms.
ADHD, predominantly inattentive
the DSM ADD classification expands to ADHD in
1987
The effects of Ritalin are apparent after
30 minutes
Who was the first individual to describe hyperactivity?
Heinrich Hoffman
On-task behaviour describes
the amount of time a child is engaged with the instruction or materials needed for learning.
Strattera
a non-stimulant type of drug used to treat ADHD.
The goal of titration is
to use the lowest effective dose of medication while avoiding unwanted side-effects.
__________ is the process of selecting appropriate medication for a child diagnosed with ADHD.
titration
Interference with the transmission of sound through the outer and middle ear causes a ________ hearing loss.
conductive.
In the oral/aural method of teaching deaf children, the stress is placed on
speech, speech reading, and amplification
Balance, motion, and gravity are maintained by the
vestibular mechanism.
For a person profoundly deaf, a cochlear implant will produce hearing at the ______ level.
severe
___________ would be valuable classroom aids for both visually impaired and hearing disabled children.
note-takers
The condition characterized by tinnitus, vertigo, and nausea is
Ménière's disease.
The most important criterion that allows a person membership in the Deaf community is
using ASL as the primary mode of communication.
"
allow the child to make full use of visual and auditory clues.
Today, persons in the Deaf community would consider themselves
an ethnic, cultural, minority group, group to be considered within multicultural society; NOT a disabled group
When surgeons implant a device that delivers electrical stimuli to remaining auditory nerves, the procedure is known as a(n)
Deaf children of deaf parents form a distinct subgroup within the hearing-impaired population. They tend to
outperform children with hearing parents on measures of language skills; consistently perform at a higher level on tests of academic achievement than do deaf children of hearing parents; have far more positive outcomes than do children who are deaf and born to hearing parents; show emotional and behavioural disturbance at about half the rate of other deaf children.
__________ is a hereditary condition characterized by the destruction of the capsular bone in the middle ear and the growth of a web-like bone that attaches to and restricts the stapes.
otosclerosis; more common in females
The level at which an individual actually understands speech is known as the __________.
speech reception threshold (SRT)
The __________ approach is an oral method that aims to develop intelligible speech through the maximum development of listening skills.
acoupedic (unisensory)
Frequencies in pitch or cycle per second are designated by the term __________.
Hertz (Hz)
__________ is a surgical procedure in which the ear drum is punctured to drain off fluid build-up.
Myringotomy
A child with a sensorineural hearing loss in both ears of 105 dB is in the __________ level of hearing impairment.
profound
The communication method for deaf students that uses a school-based manual system combined with speech, speech reading, and amplification is __________.
Total Communication
Intensity or loudness of sound is measured in __________.
decibels (dB)
"
cochlea
"
Otitis media
Successful speech reading requires
sophisticated language knowledge.
Most sounds of the English language fall in the speech range between
Gain refers to
the amplification provided by a hearing aid.
The mechanism that vibrates when stuck by sound waves is the
eardrum (tympanic membrane)
adventitious hearing loss
A hearing loss that occurs any time after birth due to injury or disease
"
tinnitus.
Bilingual-bicultural programmes are premised upon
ASL being the natural language of the deaf community.
The sign language that eventually evolved into ASL was developed originally by
the Abbé de l'Épée in his school for the deaf: Laurent Clerc brought Old French Sign Language to America - this evolved into ASL
Pure tone audiometry
key hearing test used to identify hearing threshold levels
Janet has been diagnosed with a bilateral hearing loss. As a result, in the regular classroom it would be best if Janet was seated
in the middle row, at the front
When people refer to the Deaf, they are referring to
members of the deaf cultural group, or Deaf community.
"
Heller's syndrome
"
equalizes ear pressure
pinna
external ear - auricle - clloects and funnels sound
meatus
wax and hair-lined canal (of ear) that funnels sound and also protects the hearing mechanism
bones of the middle ear
malleus, incus, and stapes, (hammer, anvil, and stirrup); transmit sound from the ear drum to the oval window at the entrance to the inner ear
Eustachian tube
connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, equalizes air pressure
labyrinth
the inner ear
cochlea
a tiny, fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure of specialized cells that translates the mechanical sound impulses into neural impulses of electricity ready to be sent to the brain
vestibular mechanism
(or semicircular canals) are an organ of balance
Sequence of hearing
"Sound waves enter the ear, travel through the external canal, and vibrate the ear drum.
hard-of-hearing person
one who, generally with the use of a hearing aid, has residual hearing sufficient to enable successful processing of linguistic information through audition
deaf person
one whose hearing disability precludes successful processing of linguistic information through audition, with or without a hearing aid
Classification of deafness by Severity Level
based on hearing acuity and frequency response, measured in terms of decibels (dB) and hertz (Hz): mild, moderate, severe, or profound
speech range
Most English sounds fall in the range of 500 to 2000 Hz
conductive hearing losses
Problems of the middle and outer ear
sensorineural impairments
congenital hearing impairment
present at birth
prelingual deafness
deafness was present early in life, or before the development of speech and language
post-lingual deafness
"hearing impairment occurred after the development of speech and language. The cutoff point is generally set at two years of age.
external otitis
swimmer's ear - an inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal
Auditory atresia
a condition in which the pinnae or the external canals are unformed or undeveloped, leads to mild or moderate conductive hearing loss
presbycusis
age-related hearing loss: most common cause of auditory defect in adults
Maternal rubella
most common cause of deafness from external sources
infant risk factors for deafness
Premature and low-birth-weight infants are at higher risk
Usher syndrome
rare genetic disorder - hearing impaired by defective inner ear; vision impaired b/c of retinitis pigmentosa
otitis media & language ability
the language abilities of children suffering from recurrent or untreated otitis media may be delayed or disordered.
academic achievement of children who are deaf
Students who are deaf appear to be uniformly educationally lagging by three to five years. The lag is less in mechanical skills, such as arithmetic computation and spelling, and greatest in areas that are language dependent. Reading is particularly retarded; the typical student who is deaf graduates from school reading at about a grade-three level.
in deaf children
The deaf population demonstrates higher rates of emotional instability, neuroticism, and social maladjustment than do non-impaired persons. The severity and type of hearing impairment correlates with social maladjustment patterns.
Play Behaviours of deaf children
"Compared to typical children, those who are deaf initiate interactions less frequently, and tend to prefer solitary constructive play, whereas children of the same age prefer co-operative dramatic play.
Audiologists use three major types of hearing assessments: __________.
pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and specialized tests for very young or difficult-to-assess children
audiogram
a chart of hearing on which audiometric data from pure-tone tests is plotted
screening procedures for deafness
The most common screening instrument is the sweep test, which uses a portable audiometer to present tones at 20 to 25 dB across a range of frequencies.
Speech audiometry
tests the level at which speech is detected. The level at which a person detects and understands speech is known as the speech reception threshold (SRT).
Assessment of hearing impaired Young Children
electrophysiological assessment, behavioural assessment, and psycho-educational assessment.
Psycho-Educational Assessment
Non-verbal scales are most appropriate in the intellectual assessment of children who are hearing impaired. The most popular measure is the Performance Scale of the WISC-III or WISC-1V.
Intervention with Children who have Hearing Impairments
Generally, intervention includes two major components: medical or corrective procedures and special education and related services.
Antibiotics and surgical myringotomy are used to alleviate ________.
Otitis media
Microsurgery helps _______.
otosclerosis
Many ________ hearing losses can be corrected.
conductive
Cochlear implants aid those with __________ impairments.
sensorineural hearing
Who benefits from amplification?
"Most children who are hearing impaired benefit from amplification; even those who are profoundly deaf may hear distorted fragments of sound that aid in speech and language acquisition. But even though hearing aids help children to develop the use of residual hearing, improve audition and speech, and enlarge vocabulary and language ability, amplification cannot correct hearing or completely eliminate the problems of deafness.
most popular delivery models for hearing impaired education
itinerant programs, resource rooms, part-time integration, self-contained classes, day schools, and residential schools
How effective is learning in general classrooms for students with serious hearing impairments?
At the moment, no clear picture of the effectiveness of inclusion within general classrooms for students with serious hearing impairments has emerged.
Early educators divided themselves into camps re: how to teach deaf children - what are they?
oralists viewed deafness as a human handicap to be overcome and invoked the primacy of speech and speech reading; manualists saw deafness as a human difference and held that the deaf population needed their own unique sign language
Acoupedic
oral approaches that eliminate visual cues. They stress the development of residual hearing through amplification and auditory training.
Oral/aural methods
A pure oral method stressed speech, speech reading, and writing, while forbidding all natural gestures. Later, the oral method stressed speech, speech reading, and amplification but allowed natural gestures. Today's oral/aural methods focus on speech, speech reading, amplification, and auditory training.
Speech reading
the ability to understand speech through observing lip movements and facial expressions. It is a difficult skill to acquire
Speech reading is difficult because articulatory movements are very rapid and only about __________ of English sounds are visible on the lips.
a third
Total communication
attempts to combine the best elements of the manual and oral methods. Speech, speech reading, and amplification are used simultaneously with a school-based manual system.
American Sign Language (ASL)
a true manual, ideographic sign language with its own vocabulary, grammar, and word order. It is the preferred communication method of the majority of North American deaf adults
Bilingual-Bicultural Programs
deaf children taught ASL first and then later taught English in the school system
The primary objective of education for students who are hearing impaired is
language development.
grammatical approach
(of language teaching) the student is taught the structural elements of language and uses this information to generate sentences akak formal approach
natural approach
language teaching parallels the progression in which hearing children acquire language
Accurate prevalence figures for hearing loss are hindered by
confusion regarding identification and reporting, inconsistent definitional data, methodological problems in surveys, difficulty in estimating hearing impairments among the multiply disabled
Acuity is measured ___________.
by the subject's responses to loudness across a range of frequencies.
An interpreter is also know as a(n)
transliterator.
What percentage of hearing impaired students taught by oral methods become orally fluent?
17
Students who are deaf uniformly appear to lag educationally by
3-5 years
Across North America, about ______ people is thought to have some degree of hearing loss.
1 in 10
Conventional hearing aids are primarily
sound amplifiers
When a child is born with missing or underdeveloped pinnae or auditory canals, the condition is known as __________.
auditory atresia
The __________ ear contains the malleus, incus, stapes, and the Eustachian tube.
middle
List the 4 main classification systems that exist in the field of hearing impairment
"Classification by Severity Level
When an airplane descends and you yawn to make your ears pop, you are clearing the
Eustachian tube.
Susan is worried about her 20-month-old son Peter, who does not seem to respond to voices or loud environmental sounds. When she takes Peter to an audiologist, the audiologist is most likely to use
pure-tone audiometry
"
can hear only very loud voices.
Deaf children of deaf parents form a distinct subgroup within the deaf population because
deaf parents accept the condition more readily than do hearing parents.
Many approaches and communication modes have been used in the education of students with hearing impairments. Today, the dominant mode in North America is (are)
ASL
Otolaryngology is
diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, throat, and head and neck disorders.