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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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predictor and criterion variables
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the variables used to predict the criterion variable (eg. SAT scores are used to predict college grades)
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multiple regression
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an analysis (multivariate) that includes a criterion variable and 2 or more predictor variables Y = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + bnxn
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bivariate approach and multivariate approach
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investigates the relationship between any 3 or more than 2 variables
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criterion validity
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the ability of a test to predict some future event
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third variable problem and partial correlation
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the problem of drawing casual conclusion in correlational research - uncontrolled factors; the statistical procedure for evaluating the effects
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coefficient of determination (r^2)
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for two correlated factors, the proportion of variance in one factor that can be attributed to the second factor, found by squaring r
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Pearson's r
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measures the size of a correlation between two variables, ranges from +1.00 to -1.00; if r=0, no relationship
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Type 2 Error
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failing to reject the null when it is wrong
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Type 1 Error
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rejecting the null when it is true
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alpha level
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the probability of making a Type 1 Error; the significance level
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p-value
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is the probability that your sample could have been drawn from the population being tested given the assumption that the null hypothesis is true. A p-value of .05, for example, indicates that you would have only a 5% chance of drawing the sample being tested if the null hypothesis was actually true.
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variance
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the number calculated during the standard deviation just prior to taking the square root
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standard deviation
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a set of sample scores that measures the average amount by which the scores in the sample deviate from the mean
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outliers
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far moved from other scores
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range
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difference between high and low scores
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inferential statistics
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allows you to draw conclusions about your data that can be applied to the broader population
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descriptive statistics
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summarizes the data collected from the sample of participants in your study
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ordinal scale
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numbers stand for relative standing or ranking
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ratio scale
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numbers refer to quantities and intervals are assumed to be of equal size (NO zero)
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interval scale
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numbers refer to quantities, intervals are of equal scale (YES zero)
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nominal scale
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numbers have no quantitative value, serve to identify categories
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face validity
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valid to those who take it
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valid
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if it measures what it is designed to measure
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reliable
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results are repeatable when the behaviors are remeasured
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parsimonious
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the minimum number of constructs and assumptions in order to explain and predict some phenomenon adequately
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falsification
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emphasizes putting theories to the test by trying to disprove or falsify them
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productivity
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the amount of research that is generated to test a theory
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induction
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specific events to general (little to big)
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deduction
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theory to data (big to little)
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construct
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a hypothetical factor that is not observed directly; its existence is inferred from certain behaviors
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empirical questions
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a questions that can be answered by making objective observations
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operational definitions
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a definition of a concept or variable in terms of precisely describes operations, measures or procedures
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quantitative research
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numbers (mathematical) research
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qualitative
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reasons of behavior
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field research
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situations encountered in daily living (often applied)
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lab research
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inside or outside the controlled environment of a lab (often basic)
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applied research
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direct and immediate relevance to the solution of a real-world problem
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basic research
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describing, predicting, explaining fundamental principles of behavior and mental processes
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anecdotal evidence
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specific instances that seem to provide evidence - but cannot be investigated (ex. phrenology)
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pseudoscience
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appears to be scientific, but is in fact false
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theory
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set of statements that summarize what is known about some phenomena and propose working explinations
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falsification
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a theory that must be precise enough so that it can be disproven
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objectivity
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when observations can be verified by more than one observer
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introspection
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observing internally; into "ones-self"
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empiricism
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the process of learning things through direct observation or experinence
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