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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The nature of psychology
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• General Information
o Psychology defined • Scientific study of behavior and mind • What makes a science, using the scientific approach or scientific method. • Need to have an open mind to be a scientist (attitude of availability) • Independent variable=change • Dependant variable=measure |
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Critically think-4 Qs for “facts”
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• What to believe?
• Does evidence exist? • Do alternative explanations exist? • What is the most reasonable conclusion? |
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Psychology as a basic and applied science
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o Gather a bunch of information and use it in the real world (both fuel each other)
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Robbers Cave
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was basic science
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Jigsaw
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was applied science
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The goals of psychology
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o Describe and explain/understand
• First stage, observe and describe o Predict and control/influence • Predict what is going to happen, one variable predicting what another variable is going to do • Control, manipulate the independent and dependant variable. o Apply • Apply your findings and understand them. |
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Psychology’s broad scope: Levels-of-analysis
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o 3 levels- biological, psychological, environment
• biological= brain, senses, nerves, • psychological= • environmental= o mind-body & nature- nature interactions • MB- picture -> food, challenge -> arousal Both of them interact to help predict on how you’ll behave in a particular situation. • NN- balance, each affect the other Environment can influence behavior |
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development of behavior
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• intellectual roots
o mind body dualism- Rene Descartes (interact) o monism & empiricism – Hobbes, John Locke o Gestalt & psychophysics- Wertheimer o Evolution- Darwin • Early schools o Structuralism • ID building blocks (brain) & introspection Wundt, Titchener, Washburn |
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• Functionalism- use of item
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o events shaped by environment (person/group)
o Darwin, James, Mary Whilton Calkins (APA) o Used in Psych- Cognitive & evolutionary |
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• Psychodynamic perspective
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o Psychoanalysis- no physical causes, phobias
• Unconscious & free association • Sex & aggression, defense mechanisms o Modern psychodynamic theory • Focus on past experiences with parents • 20-30% of therapists, but not scientists |
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• Behavioralist perspective
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o Origins- Pavlov and Thorndike
o Behaviorism • Stimulus response to unresponsive behavior 80% Env.- S/R or S/R/S Watson |
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o Cognitive behaviorism
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• Environment -> Interaction -> Behavior
• Bandura |
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o Humanistic perspective
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• Respect, good, client-centered therapy
• Rogers & Maslow (actualization) • Positive psychology movement |
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o Cognitive perspective
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• Initial- Ebbinghaus, Gestalt
• Renewed interest- Sig detect, computers Chomsky (language is innate, natural), Piaget (cognition (understanding through thought), child development) • Modern cog Cog-Loftus Neuroscience- Brain Imaging • Social constructivism- perception is reality |
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The Sociocultural perspective
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• Cultural learning and diversity
o Norms o Socialization o Cultural psychology • Discrimination Even the rat was white Clarks- Mamie and Kenneth • Individualism vs. Collectivism America individual Other countries is collective |
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The biological perspective
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• What’s going to drive our biological behavior and perspective.
• Brain, muscles, hormones, amino acids drive our biological perspective. • Memory is a process of distributed processes, more brain taken out the less the brain holds memory. o Behavioral neuroscience • Kari Lashley- mazes and lesions for rats • Hebb- changes in neuronal connections/ Neurotransmitters -> Brain imaging o Behavioral Genetics o Evolutionary psychology- natural selection • Traits that allow us to survive |
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Using Levels of Analysis to Integrate the Perspectives
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• Depression
o Biological- genetics, biochemical, evolutionary o Psychological- pessimistic, self blame, perfection, exercise? o Environmental- no rewards, complain, social? o Interaction • Summary of themes o Empirical- just common sense? o Subjective- objective as well o Multiple causal factors- 3 levels o Adapting and evolving Social and cultural |
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• Global sciences
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o Multicultural & integrated- health psychology
o Diversified- geographic, ethnic, gender o Areas of specialization- just clinical? • Counseling, school, IQ, Human factors • Psychiatrists vs. clinicians |
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• Public policy
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o Education
o Violence prevention o Mental health Other- AIDS, obesity, child care, bullying, homeland security |
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• Life- studying
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o Time management
o Effective studying o Focus questions o Test- preparation and performance |
