Psych 2 Final

Front 1

What is an operational definition?

Back 1

a definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable

Hint 1

part of an experiment introduction

Front 2

What is a case study?

Back 2

an in-depth investigation of an individual subject

Hint 2

type of info collection for psych

Front 3

What is naturalistic observation?

Back 3

a descriptive research method in which the researcher engages in careful, usually prolonged, observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects

Hint 3

guy sitting in corner in classroom

Front 4

What is an experiment?

Back 4

a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result

Hint 4

manipulation

Front 5

What is an independent variable? What is a dependent variable?

Back 5

in an experiment: a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable; the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

Hint 5

What test are they used in?

Front 6

What is experimenter bias? How can it be prevented?

Back 6

a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained; by a double-blind procedure (a research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control group)

Hint 6

What is the definition of that procedure?

Front 7

What is a confounding of variables?

Back 7

a condition that exists whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects

Hint 7

What type of test does this effect (what parts of it)?

Front 8

What are neurons? What are glial cells?

Back 8

major 2 parts of the nervous system: individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information; cells found throughout the nervous system that provide structural support, nourishment, and insulation for neurons

Hint 8

These two are the _____ _____ __ ___ _______ ______.

Front 9

What is an axon? A dendrite? A synapse?

Back 9

a long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the neuron cell body to other neurons, or to muscles or glands; branchlike part of of a neuron that is specialized to receive information; a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next

Hint 9

How are they all connected?

Front 10

What are the 4 lobes of the brain, and where are they located?

Back 10

parietal (top), occipital (back), temporal (ear), frontal (front)

Hint 10

TOP

Front 11

What is social desirablility bias?

Back 11

a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

Hint 11

the way you might answer questions on a survey

Front 12

What are neurotransmitters?

Back 12

chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another

Hint 12

in synapses

Front 13

What is a hypothesis? A theory?

Back 13

a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables; a system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations

Hint 13

statement vs. system

Front 14

When you have a 50-100-150 watt lightbulb, the perceived difference from 50 to 100 watts is _______ than the perceived difference from 100 to 150 watts.

Back 14

greater

Hint 14

threshold

Front 15

Where would there be damage if you couldn't see the right half of your visual world?

Back 15

the left visual cortex

Hint 15

L or R eye or brain?

Front 16

What is opponent-process theory? Trichromatic theory?

Back 16

the theory that color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors; the theory of color vision holding that the human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different wavelengths

Hint 16

color

Front 17

What is auditory localization? What are the 2 things it depends on?

Back 17

locating the source of a sound in space; the difference in loudness between the two ears and the timing difference between the two ears

Hint 17

where is the sound?

Front 18

What is absolute threshold?

Back 18

the minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect for a specific type of sensory input

Hint 18

50%

Front 19

What is classical conditioning? Operant conditioning?

Back 19

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus; a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Hint 19

stimuli vs consequences

Front 20

What is top-down processing? Bottom-up processing?

Back 20

in form perception: a progression from the whole to the elements; progression from individual elements to the whole

Hint 20

in form perception...

Front 21

What is spontaneous recovery?

Back 21

the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

Hint 21

classical conditioning

Front 22

What is an unconditioned response? A conditioned response? An unconditioned stimulus? A conditioned stimulus? A neutral stimulus?

Back 22

an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning; a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning; a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning; a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response; doesn't originally evoke the response

Hint 22

classical conditioning

Front 23

What is shaping?

Back 23

the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

Hint 23

operant conditioning

Front 24

What is positive reinforcement? Negative reinforcement? Punishment?

Back 24

reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus; the strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus; an event that follows a response that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response

Hint 24

operant conditioning

Front 25

What is a flashbulb memory?

Back 25

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

Hint 25

fade like regular memories

Front 26

What is functional fixedness?

Back 26

the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

Hint 26

uses of an item

Front 27

What is retrieval?

Back 27

recovering information from memory stores

Hint 27

memory

Front 28

What is prospective memory?

Back 28

the ability to remember to perform actions in the future

Hint 28

future

Front 29

What is mental set?

Back 29

persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

Hint 29

problem solving

Front 30

What is a phoneme? A morpheme?

Back 30

the smallest unit of sound in a spoken language; the smallest unit of meaning in a language

Hint 30

language

Front 31

What does it mean that language is generative?

Back 31

there are a limited number of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways

Hint 31

combos

Front 32

What is episodic memory? Semantic memory?

Back 32

chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences; general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned

Hint 32

2 parts of declarative memory; time

Front 33

When does most forgetting occur?

Back 33

very rapidly after learning something

Hint 33

slow or fast

Front 34

How is memory best viewed?

Back 34

as a reconstruction of events or materials

Hint 34

Dad's profession

Front 35

What is a representativeness heuristic?

Back 35

basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event

Hint 35

prototypes

Front 36

What is encoding?

Back 36

forming a memory code

Hint 36

memory

Front 37

What is the serial-position effect?

Back 37

the fact that subjects show better recall for items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list than for items in the middle

Hint 37

in memory tests...

Front 38

What is the capacity of short-term memory?

Back 38

5-9 units of information

Hint 38

increased by chunking

Front 39

What is an availability heuristic?

Back 39

basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

Hint 39

overestimating and underestimating

Front 40

How do adults divide sounds?

Back 40

they divide a continuously changing sequence of sounds into categories

Hint 40

like R, R, R, R, L, L, L, L

Front 41

Can infants distinguish among all sounds despite the language spoken at home?

Back 41

yes

Hint 41

scientist in the crib

Front 42

Can children mis-add endings to words even after getting it correct before?

Back 42

yes

Hint 42

womans vs women

Front 43

What is the way we categorically perceive speech based on?

Back 43

the language we speak

Hint 43

scientist in the crib

Front 44

What are schemas? Weapon focus? Memory reconstruction? Leading questions?

Back 44

an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events; not knowing what the person looked like because of focusing on the weapon; memories change over time; questions used on an eyewitness that can change their memories of what happened

Hint 44

eyewitness; Loftus

Front 45

What is set-point? Settling-point?

Back 45

the idea that the body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them (and weight) fairly stable; the idea that weight tends to drift around a level at which the constellation of factors that determine food consumption and energy expenditure achieve an equilibrium

Hint 45

fat theories

Front 46

What is the Coolidge effect?

Back 46

Coolidge wanted more hens, Mrs. Coolidge wanted more times

Hint 46

rooster story

Front 47

What is an EEG?

Back 47

a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp

Hint 47

electroencephalograph

Front 48

What is a circadian rhythm?

Back 48

the 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species

Hint 48

human

Front 49

What is REM sleep?

Back 49

a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming

Hint 49

also loss of muscle tone

Front 50

What is insomnia?

Back 50

chronic problems in getting adequate sleep

Hint 50

most common sleep disorder

Front 51

What is narcolepsy?

Back 51

a disease marked by sudden and irresistable onsets of sleep during normal waking periods

Hint 51

Big J

Front 52

What is sleep apnea?

Back 52

a sleep disorder characterized by frequent reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep

Hint 52

air

Front 53

What are night terrors? Nightmares?

Back 53

abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic; anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening, usually from REM sleep

Hint 53

NREM vs REM

Front 54

What is a representative sample?

Back 54

a sample of the population that is representative of the entire population, instead of just one part of the population

Hint 54

census data

Front 55

What is a biased sample?

Back 55

a sample that is not representative of the population

Hint 55

bad

Front 56

What type of tests use cause-effect relationships?

Back 56

experiments

Front 57

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

Back 57

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Hint 57

2

Front 58

What are the divisions of the CNS?

Back 58

brain and spinal cord

Hint 58

2

Front 59

What are the divisions of the PNS?

Back 59

the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Hint 59

2

Front 60

What part of color and light is wavelength closest to?

Back 60

hue

Front 61

What is proximity? Similarity?

Back 61

things that are near one another seem to belong together; people tend to group stimuli that are similar

Hint 61

grouping