Psych 2 Exam

Front 1

sensation

Back 1

stimulation of the sense organs

Front 2

perception

Back 2

selection, organization and intrepretation of sensory input

Front 3

light

Back 3

form of electromagnetic radiation that travels moving, naturally enough at the speed of light

Front 4

amplitude

Back 4

height of light

Front 5

wavelength

Back 5

the distance between the peaks

Front 6

purity

Back 6

how varied a mix is

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lens

Back 7

transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina

Front 8

cornea

Back 8

transparent window at the front of eye

Front 9

nearsightness

Back 9

close objects seen clear, distant blurry (cornea/lens bends light too much)

Front 10

farsightness

Back 10

close objects blurry, distant seen clear (eyeball to short)

Front 11

pupil

Back 11

opening in the center of the iris, regulates amoung of light passing into rear chamber of the eye

Front 12

retina

Back 12

neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye, absorbs light and PROCESSES

Front 13

optic disk

Back 13

hole in the retina, known as blind spot, axons that run from the retina to the brain converge at a single point

Front 14

cones

Back 14

specialized visual receptors that play a key role in daylight/color vision

Front 15

fovea

Back 15

tiny spot in the center of the retina, only cones, visual acuity is greatest at this spot called anacula

Front 16

rods

Back 16

specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision

Front 17

optic nerve

Back 17

collection of axons that connect the eye with the brain

Front 18

receptive field

Back 18

retinal area that when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell

Front 19

at the optic chasm..

Back 19

axons from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain... (divider)

Front 20

subtractive color mixing

Back 20

removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there

Front 21

additive color mixing

Back 21

superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself

Front 22

trichromatic color theory

Back 22

stated by thomas young, holds that human eyes has 3 types of receptos with differing sensitivity to different light wavelenghts

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opponent process theory of color vision

Back 23

accounts for complementary and after image processes, holds color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic respones to 3 pairs of colors...

Front 24

afterimage

Back 24

visual image that persists after the stimulus is removed

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complementary colors

Back 25

pairs of colors that produce gray tones when mixed together

Front 26

reconciling theories

Back 26

both are to be accounted for

Front 27

wavelength short, medium and long

Back 27

blue, green and red (repectively)

Front 28

Gestalt Principles

Back 28

closure, proximity, similiarity, simplicity, continuity

Front 29

phi phenomenom

Back 29

illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession

Front 30

binocular depth

Back 30

cues are clues about distance based ont he difering views of the two eyes

Front 31

retinal disparity

Back 31

in reference to binocular depth cues, fact that objects w/25 feet project images diff. locations on right and left retinas, so right and left eyes see views differently

Front 32

pictorial depth cues

Back 32

cues about distance that can be given in a flat picture

Front 33

monocular cues

Back 33

clues about distance based on the image in either eye along

Front 34

sounds of this measure can be deafening

Back 34

120 decibels

Front 35

humans can hear...

Back 35

from 2 to 20,000 HZ !

Front 36

cochlea

Back 36

fluid filled coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing...

Front 37

basilar membrane

Back 37

runs the length of the spir. cochlea, holds the auditory receptors called hair cells

Front 38

theories of pitch

Back 38

place and frequency

Front 39

place theory

Back 39

perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions or places, along the basilar membrane

Front 40

frequency

Back 40

holds that perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequencey at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates

Front 41

taste buds

Back 41

we have 4-6, sweet sour fat and bitter, salty?

Front 42

sensory adaptation

Back 42

gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation

Front 43

olfactory system

Back 43

sensory system for smell

Front 44

EEG

Back 44

monitoring device of electrical activity in brain over time by electrodes attatched to scalp

Front 45

consciousness

Back 45

awareness of internal and external stimuli

Front 46

biological rhythms

Back 46

periodic fluctuations in physiological functioning

Front 47

circadian rhythms

Back 47

24 hour biological cycles found in humans & organisms

Front 48

jet lag

Back 48

getting out of circulation with your circadian rhythms

Front 49

EMG

Back 49

records muscular activity and tension

Front 50

EOG

Back 50

records eye movements

Front 51

EKG

Back 51

records contractions of the heart

Front 52

slow wave sleep

Back 52

stages 3-4

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REM

Back 53

deep stage of sleep with REM, high freq brain wave and dreaming, s5

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non REM

Back 54

stages 1-4, no REM, little dreams, varied EEG activity

Front 55

insomnia

Back 55

chronic problems getting adeq. sleep (diff. falling asleep, remaining asleep, early morning awakening)

Front 56

narcolepsy

Back 56

disease marked by sudden and irrestibile onsets of sleep during normal waking periods

Front 57

sleep apnea

Back 57

frequent, reflexive gasping for air, awakens a person and disrupts sleep

Front 58

somnambulism/speech walking

Back 58

occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep

Front 59

hypnosis

Back 59

systematic procedure produces heightened state of suggestibility

Front 60

psychoactive drugs

Back 60

chemical substances modify mental, emotional or behavior functioning

Front 61

narcotics/opiates

Back 61

pain relieving drugs from opium

Front 62

sedatives

Back 62

sleep inducing drugs that tned to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioral activity

Front 63

stimulants

Back 63

drugs that tend to increase CNS activation and behavioral activity

Front 64

hallucinogens

Back 64

diverse group of powerful effecting drugs (mental and emotional) marked by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience

Front 65

#1 abused drug

Back 65

alcohol

Front 66

tolerance

Back 66

prog. decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug as a result of cont. use

Front 67

types of dependence

Back 67

physical and physiological

Front 68

physical dep.

Back 68

person must continue with drug to avoid withdrawal illness

Front 69

psychological dep.

Back 69

person must continue with drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving

Front 70

learning

Back 70

relatively DURABLE change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

Front 71

classical conditioning

Back 71

type of learning where stimulus acquires capacity to evoke a response orginally evoked by another stimulus

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unconditioned stimulus

Back 72

stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

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unconditioned response

Back 73

unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Front 74

conditioned stimulus

Back 74

previously NEUTRAL stimulus that has through conditioning acquired the capacity to evoke a conditional response

Front 75

conditioned response

Back 75

learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Front 76

acquistion

Back 76

beginning/initial stage of learning

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extinction

Back 77

gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

Front 78

spontaneous recovery

Back 78

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

Front 79

stimulus generalization

Back 79

when organism has learned a response to a stimulus, responds in same way to new stimuli as the original stimulus

Front 80

stimulus discrimination

Back 80

occurs when organism has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

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operant conditioning

Back 81

form of learning where voluntary responses came to be controlled by their consequence

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reinforcement

Back 82

occurs when an event following a response increases and organism's tendency to make that response

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shaping

Back 83

reinforcment of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

Front 84

resistance (to extinction)

Back 84

occurs when an organism continues to meake a response after delivery of the reinforcer, it has been terminated

Front 85

fixed ratio

Back 85

lower resis. to extinction, short pause after reinforcement, rapid responding

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variable ratio

Back 86

higher resistance to extinction, high, steady rate without pauses

Front 87

positive reinforcement

Back 87

response is strengthened by reward stimulus

Front 88

negative reinforcement

Back 88

response is strengthened because it's followe by removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus

Front 89

punishment

Back 89

occurs when an event folowing a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Front 90

conditioned taste aversion

Back 90

completely discouraged from type of food

Front 91

instinctive drift

Back 91

occurs when anima's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes

Front 92

observational learning

Back 92

organism respons to influence by the observations of others, who are called models

Front 93

4 key processes of observational learning

Back 93

1. attention, 2. retention 3. reproduction 4. motivation

Front 94

encoding

Back 94

involves forming a memory code

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storage

Back 95

maintaining encoded info in memory over time

Front 96

retrieval

Back 96

involves recovering information from memory stores

Front 97

attention

Back 97

involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events

Front 98

ESR

Back 98

encoding, storage and retrieval

Front 99

elaboration

Back 99

linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Front 100

levels of processing

Back 100

deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes

Front 101

dual coding theory

Back 101

memory is enhan. by semantic and visual codes

Front 102

sensory memory

Back 102

preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

Front 103

short term memory

Back 103

limited capacity can maintain unrehearsed info for 20 to 30 seconds

Front 104

rehearsal

Back 104

process of rep. verbalizing or thinking about information

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chunk

Back 105

group of familiar stimtul i

Front 106

long term memory

Back 106

unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

Front 107

flashbulb memories

Back 107

unusually vivid and detailed recollectoins of momentous events

Front 108

schema

Back 108

organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from exp. with object/event

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semantic network

Back 109

nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways linking related concepts

Front 110

misinformation effect

Back 110

occurs when participant's recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleaing postevent information

Front 111

source monitoring

Back 111

process of making inferences about the origins of memories

Front 112

recall measure

Back 112

of ret. requires participants to reproduce info on their own without any cues

Front 113

recognition measure

Back 113

of ret. requires participants to select previously learned info. from an array of options

Front 114

relearning measure

Back 114

requires a participant to memorize info a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having it learned before

Front 115

interference

Back 115

theory proposes that people forget info because of competition from other material

Front 116

retroactive

Back 116

interference occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned information

Front 117

proactive interference

Back 117

occurs when previously learned info interferes with the retention of new information

Front 118

repression

Back 118

refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buries in the unconscious

Front 119

retrograde amnesia

Back 119

a person loses memories for events that occured prior to the injurty

Front 120

anterograde amnesia

Back 120

a person loes memories for events that occur after the injury

Front 121

hippocampus

Back 121

essential role in memory

Front 122

declaratory

Back 122

system handles factual information

Front 123

procedural memory

Back 123

houses memory for actions, skills and operations

Front 124

problem solving

Back 124

active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable

Front 125

insight

Back 125

sudden discover of correct solution folowing incorrect attempts based on trial and error

Front 126

functional fixedness

Back 126

tendency to percieve an item only in terms of its common use

Front 127

mental set

Back 127

exists when people persist in using problem solving strategies in the past

Front 128

trial and error

Back 128

involves trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works

Front 129

heuristic

Back 129

guiding principle or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions

Front 130

decision

Back 130

evaluating alternatives and making choices among them

Front 131

risky decision making

Back 131

involves making choices under conditions of uncertainty

Front 132

availability heuristic

Back 132

basing the est. prob. of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

Front 133

representativeness heuristic

Back 133

involves basing the est. prob. of an event on how similiar it is to the typical prototype of that event

Front 134

gambler's fallacy

Back 134

beliefs that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occured recently