Psych 2 - Cognition

Front 1

shaping

Back 1

reinforcing successive approximations of a goal behavior until the desired response is consistently displayed

Front 2

parallel concepts to classical conditioning:

Back 2

extinction, generalization, discrimination

Front 3

observational learning

Back 3

learning by observing others

Front 4

modeling

Back 4

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Front 5

prosocial behavior

Back 5

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Front 6

antisocial behavior

Back 6

negative, degrading behavior

Front 7

problem solving

Back 7

the analysis and transformation of information to achieve a goal

Front 8

process of problem solving (4steps)

Back 8

1. represent the problem (goal state, operators, intermediate problem states)
2. try to plan potential solutions
3. evaluate/select a solution
4. try to execute solution and evaluate results

Front 9

solution approaches to problem solving:

Back 9

-trial and error
-analogies
-algorithms
-heuristics

Front 10

fixation

Back 10

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective (obstacle of problem solving)

Front 11

functional fixedness

Back 11

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions (obstacle of problem solving)

Front 12

mental set

Back 12

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past (obstacle of problem solving)

Front 13

expertise

Back 13

-domain specific
-comes from experience
-some aspects of expertise: chunking, planning, recognizing analogies.

Front 14

2 approaches to study decision making:

Back 14

-normative
-descriptive

Front 15

availability heuristic

Back 15

-estimate the probability of an event based on the ease with which the relevant instances come to mind. (based on availability in memory)
-we underestimate the frequency of hard-to-remember events
-we overestimate the frequency of easy-to-remember events

Front 16

representativeness heuristic

Back 16

-estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to our prototype of that type of event. (based on how well event represents our prototype)

Front 17

Gambler's fallacy

Back 17

the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't happened recently. (representativeness heuristic error)

Front 18

Ignoring base rates

Back 18

-in estimating probabilities, we often ignore info on base rates.
-people are bad about applying base rates to themselves. (representativeness heuristic error)

Front 19

anchoring heuristic

Back 19

estimate the probability of an event by adjusting previous info or impression (even if previous info is wrong)

Front 20

overconfidence

Back 20

the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements

Front 21

confirmation bias

Back 21

a tendency to search for info that confirms ones perceptions

Front 22

belief perseverance

Back 22

clinging to ones initial conceptions after the bias on which they were formed has been discredited

Front 23

framing effect

Back 23

change the result by the way an issue is posed. how an issue is framed can significantly affect judgement and decisions