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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Personality |
An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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Psychodynamic theories |
View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences |
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Psychoanalysis |
Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
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Unconscious |
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
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Free association |
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
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Id |
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that according to Freud strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
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Ego |
The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
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Superego |
The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations |
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Psychosexual stages |
The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure- seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
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Identification |
The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos |
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Fixation |
According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at am earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved |
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Defense mechanisms |
Is psychoanalytic the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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Repression |
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
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Regression |
Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
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Reaction formation |
Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites |
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Projection |
Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
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Rationalization |
Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions |
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Displacement |
Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person |
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Denial |
Refusing to believe or even perceive painful relatities |
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Collective unconscious |
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
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Projective test |
A personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics |
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Thematic apperception test (TAT) |
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
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Rorschach inkblot test |
The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
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Terror-managememt theory |
A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavior responses to reminders of their impending death |
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Humanistic theories |
View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth |
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Self-actualization |
According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arise after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
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Unconditional positive regard |
According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
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Self-concept |
All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "who am I?" |
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Trait |
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
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Personality inventories |
A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits |
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPI) |
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes |
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Empirically derived test |
A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
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Social-cognitive perspective |
Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context |
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Reciprocal determinism |
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition , and environment |
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Self |
In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions |
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Spotlight effect |
Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) |
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Self-esteem |
One's feelings of high or low self-worth |
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Self-efficacy |
One's sense of competence and effectiveness |
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Self-serving bias |
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
