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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognition
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thinking, gaining knowledge, and using knowledge
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Attention
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Your tendency to respond to some stimuli more than other at any given time or to remember some more than others
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Preattentive Process
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Meaning that it stands out immediately. We don't have to shift attention from one object to another.
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Attentive Process
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One that requires searching through the items in a series
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Stroop Effect
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The tendency to read the word, instead of saying the color as instructed
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Change Blindness
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The frequent failure to detect changes in parts of a scene
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Attentional Blink
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During a brief time after perceiving one stimulus, it is difficult to attend to something else.
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Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
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Easy distraction, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Same except with excessive activity and fidgetiness
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Prototypes
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Familiar or typical examples
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Spreading Activation
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Thinking about one of the concepts shown in a figure will activate or prime, the concepts linked to it
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Priming
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Gets it started. A small reminder of a concept makes it easier for someone to think of it
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Algorithm
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A mechanical repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis
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Heuristics
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Strategies for simplifying a problem and generating a satisfactory guess
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Representative Heuristic
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The assumption that resembles members of some category is probable a member of that category
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Base Rate Information
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How common two categories are
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Availability Heuristic
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The strategy of assuming that how easily one can remember examples of some kind of item indicates how common the item itself is.
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Critical Thinking
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The careful evaluation of evidence against any conclusion
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Confirmation Bias
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Accepting a hypothesis and then looking for evidence to support it, instead of considering other possibilities
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Functional Fixidness
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The tendency to adhere to a single approach or a single way of using an item
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Framing Effect
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The tendency to answer a question differently when it is phrased differently
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Sunk Cost Effect
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The willingness to something because of money or effort already spent
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Maximizing
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Thoroughly considering every possiblity to find the best one
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Satisficing
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Searching only until you find something that is good enough
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Productivity
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The ability to combine our words into new sentences that express an unlimited variety of ideas
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Transformational Grammar
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A system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure
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Williams Syndrome
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A genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but skillful use of language
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Language Acquisition Device
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A built in mechanism for acquiring language
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Broca's Aphasia
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A condition characterized by difficulties in language production
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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A condition marked by difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language
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Bilingual
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Learning two languages about equally well
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Word Superiority Effect
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Identify the letter more accurately when it is part of a whole word than when it was presented by itself
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Phoneme
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A unit of sound
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Morpheme
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A unit of meaning
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Fixations
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When your eyes are stationary
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Saccades
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Quick movements take your eyes from one fixation point to another
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Psychometric Approach
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The measurement of individual differences in performance
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Fluid Intelligence
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The power of reasoning and using information
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Crystallized Intelligence
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Acquired skills and knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge to specific situations
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Multiple Intelligences
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Unrelated forms of intelligence
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Triarchic Theory
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Three aspects of intelligence that includes cognitive processes, identifying situations that require intelligence, and using intelligence in the external world (Creative Practical Analytical)
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IQ Tests
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Measure individuals probable performance in school and similar settings
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Stanford Binet IQ Tests
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Test Binet and Simon designed was later modified for English speakers by Lewis Terman
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Progressive Matrices
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Most widely used culture reduced test
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Psychometric Approach
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Measurment of individual differences in performance
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G, S
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General Ability
Specific Ability |
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Standardization
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The process of establishing rules for administering a test and interpreting the scores
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Norms
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Descriptions of how frequently various scores occur
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Flynn Effect
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Peoples raw scores on IQ tests have gradually increased, and test makers have had to make the tests harder to keep the mean score at 100
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Heterosis
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Improvement due to outbreeding
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Reliability
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The repeatability of a tests scores
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Test-retest Reliability
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The correlation between the scores on the first test and the retest
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Validity
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The degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores for its intended purpose
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Biased
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Over or understates the true performance of one or more groups
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Consciousness
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The subjective experience of perceiving oneself and other entities
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Phi Effect
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Illusion of the light moving back and forth between two locations
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Spatial Neglect (Damage to Right)
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Tendency to ignore the left side of the body, the left side of the world, and the left side of objects
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Blindsight
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An ability to respond to visual information in certain ways without being conscious of it
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Capgras Syndrome
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Someone regards relatives and close friends as unfair, insisting that these people are imposter's who resemble the real people
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Readiness Potential
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The increased motor cortex activity prior to the start of the movement
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Circadian Rhythm
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Rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting about a day
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Jet Lag
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Period of discomfort and inefficiency while your internal clock is out of phase with your new surroundings
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Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
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Stage of sleep where the eyes rapidly move back and forth under the closed eyelids
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EEG
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Measures and amplifies tiny electrical changes on the scalp that reflect patterns of brain activity
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Polysomnograph
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Combine and EEG measure with a simultaneous measure of eye movements
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Insomnia
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Not enough sleep for the person to feel rested for the next day
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Sleep Apnea
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Fail to breather for a minute or more and then wake up gasping for breath
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Narcolepsy
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Sudden attacks of extreme sleepiness in the middle of the day
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Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
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Prolonged "creepy crawly" sensations in their legs, accompanied by repetitive leg movements strong enough to awake the person
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Manifest Content
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Content that appears on the surface
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Latent Content
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Hidden ideas that the dream experience represents symbolically
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Activation Synthesis Theory of Dreams
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Input arising from the pons activates the brain during REM sleep. Cortex takes that haphazard activity plus whatever stimuli strike the sense organs and does its best to synthesize a story and make sense of the activity
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Neurocognitive Theory
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Treats dreams as a kind of thinking that occurs under special conditions
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