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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T/F: Amoeba's don't need to have a nervous/sensory system to create an internal representation of the environment, because they are already in direct contact with it.
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True
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What does Humphrey's quote say?
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That evolution is not likely to bestow costly capacities upon an organism unless they are adaptive and necessary.
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What study considers the scaling of anatomical structures across species and across evolution?
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Allometry
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What study considers the scaling of anatomical structures across species and across evolution, and is usually expressed as a power law with a scaling component?
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Allometry
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When, in allometry, a deviation from the regression line is positive, it is _, and when it's negative, it is _.
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Positive: hyperallometric, negative: hypoallometric
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The evolutionary increase in the relative size and importance of the brain is...
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Encephalization
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What can you use to roughly predict an animal's intelligence?
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The EQ
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The EQ is a ratio of an animals...
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Brain volume to body surface
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What hypothesis on brain size explains why birds who feed on specific nuts, monkeys who feed on specific fruits, and bats who feed on specific blood have bigger brains for their body weights?
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The foraging hypothesis
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What hypothesis says that animals with bigger brains survive better when challenged by nature, such as the bird mortality (those birds with bigger brains survived more)?
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The cognitive buffer hypothesis
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What are the two generally more intelligent groups of animals, and what does this suggest?
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Mammals and birds; all of this data suggests that intelligence evolved more than once
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What hypothesis describes the brain as sexual ornamentation, where artistic and other high skill behaviors signal ‘good genes’ to potential mates, and thus describes brain size?
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The sexual selection hypothesis (peacock example)
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Every increase in brain size must be balanced by a reduction of the demands of the other ‘expensive’ organs (lungs, liver, gut). How did this happen in humans?
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A reduction in gut size and in increase in the quality of food eaten
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Why do gorillas eat a maximum number of hours per day?
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To maintain their brain vs. brawn ratio
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What does the expensive tissue hypothesis say?
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(reduction of gut in humans, etc.) That cooking increases the number of calories able to be obtained from food (studies with women on exclusively raw diets were underweight and half of them had amenorrhea)
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What is the issue of connectivity in brain size?
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While the number of neurons increases linearly, the number of potential connections between neurons increases exponentially, so the brain mass would be HUGE if all neurons were actually connected.
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What is the maternal energy hypothesis in terms of brain size? What are some solutions to the problem?
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Infant brains require 60% of metabolism and thus it is a large requirement on the mother before and after birth; solutions include social interactions like grandmothering and sharing food.
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"There may be a limit on calories a mother can provide a developing fetus, and that may be the determinant of when infant is born" is also apart of...
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The maternal energy hypothesis
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What is "possession of the cognitive capability we call intelligence is linked to social living and the problems of complexity that it can pose" describing?
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Machiavellian intelligence
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Describe the epiphenomenal and developmental part of the social brain hypothesis, which is trying to describe the larger brain size of primates.
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This part says that larger brain is probably not a result of environmental pressures, but rather a consequence of BIOLOGY and growth processes
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What is the Dunbar numbeR?
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The number of individuals in a "clique" of a species
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T/F: Amygdala (and other social brain structures) have been found to correlate directly with social network size in humans.
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True (the SOCIAL part of the social brain hypothesis)
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Dietary, mental maps, and the extractive foraging hypotheses are all part of the...
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Ecological part of the social brain hypothesis
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How were humans able to reduce the locomotion costs of their bodies compared to apes, perhaps to have more energy for brain power?
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We are bipedal, whereas knuckle-dragging costs about 25% more energy
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It's true that human brains are NOT just simply bigger than primate brains. What is different about them?
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They have spindle cells, and bigger cerebellum/cortex/temporal lobe. (Do NOT have bigger frontal cortex but it DOES have a bigger gyrificaiton index)
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What is the Huxley v. Owen debate about?
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Whether there is a specific function/part of the brain that makes humans more "fit" than other animals
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2: What are the major two parts of the nervous system and their major two subdivisions?
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Peripheral and central nervous systems: peripheral is autonomous and somatic, central is brain and spinal cord
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What are the three subdivisions (and their mechanisms) of the autonomous nervous system of the peripheral nervous system?
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Enteric (in the gut), sympathetic (fight or flight response), and parasympathetic (conserve energy, rest and digest)
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What two parts of the Autonomic nervous system (ANS) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) have an opponent relationship?
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The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
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What are 3 efficient ways of measuring ANS activity?
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SCR, pupilometry, and heart rate
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The sensory, motor, and mixed nerves that enter the spinal cord are mostly descriptive of the...
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Somatic nervous system
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Fibrous brain coverings are...
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Meninges
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What are the 3 layers of meninges and the fluid surrounding it?
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Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater; surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid
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What is the adaptive value of having ventricles in the brain filled with fluid?
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Buoyancy so that the brain weighs less, shock absorber, and waste removal
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T/F: Some of the 12 cranial nerves exit through the skill
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True
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What is the interesting statistic regarding the cerebellum, cortex, and brain mass/neurons?
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Cerebellum is 10% of brain mass but has 80% of neurons, and vice versa for the cortex
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What are the gyri and sulci of the brain?
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Gyri is the exposed part of the cortex, sulci is the infolds of the cortex
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What did the cytoarchitectonic map of Brodmann do?
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It gave numbers to all of the brain areas
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What is jargon for fiber tracts – bundles of axons with myelin sheaths – that connect distant brain regions?
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White matter
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T/F: Pulsatile flow in arteries is smoothed out by resistance vessels (arterioles), and small changes in diameter result in large changes in flow (2x diameter = 16x flow).
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True
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What are the 2 arteries and 1 vein that supply each hemisphere of the brain?
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Carotid (anterior) and basilar (posterior) arteries, and the jugular vein exits
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"Showed example of selective dilation of a single pial artery in response to sciatic nerve stimulation, while other arteries were unaffected" demonstrates how...
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Blood flow is related to function
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What part of the brain secretes the cerebrospinal fluid?
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The Choroid plexus
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3: The part of the cell body where the axon begins is the...
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Axon hillock
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What are the two main types of glia?
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Oligodendrites (make myelin) and astrocytes which support synapses and blood flow
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Where are electrical synapses? Chemical?
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Electrical are in gap junctions like in astrocytes, whereas chemical are in neurotransmitters in the synapses of neurons
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T/F: Some ions can initiate a cascade of chemical changes in the cell, ultimately altering gene expression – plasticity.
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True
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What are the excitatory and inhibitory PSPs?
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Excitatory (Na+), Inhibitory (Cl-)
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T/F: The passive spread of depolarization from synapses on the dendrites and soma reaches the axon hillock. If a particular threshold of depolarization is reached, voltage-gated ion channels in the axon hillock open.
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True
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When PSPs spread passively along the membrane it is called...
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Electrotonic conduction
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T/F: The axon hillock or trigger zone at base of axon experiences the ‘sum’ of the PSPs. If threshold is reached, it initiates an action potential.
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True
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What makes contacts with synapses and other bloods vessels (arterials and capillaries), “listening” and performing?
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Astrocyte fibers
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T/F: What Golgi suggested for neurons is actually true of glia. Proteins and other molecules can pass through thousands of glia without ever being outside of the glia, which makes glia very important.
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True
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How do you actually GET concentration gradients in the cells of the brain?
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Na/K pumps!
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T/F: Glial cells will touch neurons AND a blood vessels; many glials together allow information flow over long distances.
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True
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