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15 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
• Social facilitation
o The effect—positive or negative—of the presence of others on performance
dominant response
in a hierarchy of responses, the response you are most likely to make
evaluation apprehension
o a concern about how one appears in the eyes of others
o one element of zajonc’s theory that’s disputed: whether it is the mere presence of others that increases arousal
distraction-conflict theory
o Being aware of another person’s presence creates a conflict between attending
• Emergent Properties of Groups
o Those behaviors that only surface “emerge” when people are in groups
• Deindividuation
o The reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation dat comes over a person when he or she is in a large group
• Suicide baiting
o Urging a person who’s on the verge of committing suicide to take his life
• Self-awareness theory
o A theory that predicts that when ppl focus their attention inward, they become concerned w/ self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values
• Individuation
o Anything that focuses attention on oneself which generally lead a person to act carefully and deliberately and in accordance w/ his or her sense of propriety and values
• Being in front of camera
• Seeing yourself in mirror
• Wearing a name tag
• Spotlight-effect
o People’s conviction that others are attending to them—their appearance and behavior—more than is actually the case
• Gilovich study – participants overestimated how much they would stand out in their new shirt
• Groupthink
o A kind of faulty thinking on the part of highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus
• Self-censorship
o The decision to withhold info or opinions in group decisions
• More likely when there are:
 Strong leaders
 Drive to find consensus
 Reluctance to step on another’s toes
• Group polarization
o Group decisions tend to be more extreme than those made by individuals>they make them lean further in their own original direction
• Social comparison theory
 When there’s not an objective standard of evaluation, ppl evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others
 Which leads to the desire to be “better” or different by leaning to either the more risky or more conservative side
Kurt Lewin’s 3 big ideas
emphasizing individual identity by focusing attention on the self, which will generally lead a person to act carefully and deliberately an din accordance w/ his/her sense of propriety and values
Power of the situation: If you take any social behavior, whether it’s aggression, conformity, voting, relationships, etc., it’s necessary to ask to what degree it is influenced by the context or situation. We are prone to look at the features of the individual in making sense of behavior. Lewin, when he first wrote in the 1930s, was reacting against a Western European tradition led by such thinkers as Darwin, William James, David Hume, Adam Smith and others that claimed that social behavior is driven by instincts and propensities of individuals.
2. The Importance of Construal of the Situation: This is Kurt Lewin’s second big idea; “construal” is an awkward word, but we can think of it as interpretation, or how we make sense of the situation. The same situation can mean different things to different people. It’s important to understand this idea in terms of the history of psychology.
3. The Tension System:

Power of the situation:
Kurt Lewin’s 1st big idea:
If you take any social behavior, whether it’s aggression, conformity, voting, relationships, etc., it’s necessary to ask to what degree it is influenced by the context or situation. We are prone to look at the features of the individual in making sense of behavior. Lewin, when he first wrote in the 1930s, was reacting against a Western European tradition led by such thinkers as Darwin, William James, David Hume, Adam Smith and others that claimed that social behavior is driven by instincts and propensities of individuals.
The Western mind has prioritized traits and dispositions and individual attributes in explaining social behavior. Lewin said we have to look at the immediate context, which is just as powerful. He was providing an alternative to the prevailing mode of understanding. If we step back and look at the great experiments in social psychology, like Stanley Milgram’s obedience to authority experiment, where 63% of randomly chosen individuals from New Haven were willing to give 450 volts of shock to individuals because they were told to do it, we can see that the power of a situation can drive people to extraordinary behaviors.
The tension system:
Lewin saw social behavior as like vectors in space with different forces creating tension. There are forces that make us want to do things, and forces that inhibit us from doing things. Take altruism; we see someone in need and feel compassion and want to help them. But there may be countervailing forces that prevent us from intervening. So Princeton students see a person who appears to be having heart problems, but if they are late for an experiment, they are 6 times less likely to stop and help. There are motivating and inhibiting forces operating on us.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that circulates throughout the brain and prompts us to engage in social behavior and be extraverted. Serotonin tends to constrain social behavior and keep our impulses in check. We all at times feel an impulse to look after number one, to focus on self interest and also feel an impulse to give to others.
The Asch conformity study had subjects match a target line with 3 other lines; they were asked to match this line: