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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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illusory correlation
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If two events catch our attention and occur
together, we tend to think they’re related (old people= bad drivers example) |
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Empiricism
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knowledge based on observations,as opposed to common sense or personal beliefs
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From least to most important Goals of Science
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Describing behavior
Predicting behavior Determining the cause of behavior Explaining behavior |
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Basic Research
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Gaining knowledgefor its own sake; Primarily focused onfinding out causesand explaining them
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Applied Research
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Primarily focused on making predictions and
figuring out how to manipulate causes |
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Basic: Many findings in basic research are eventually applied to make money, help people, etc.
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Applied: Many findings in applied research shed additional lighton the causes and conditionsthat bring about behavior,emotions, and cognition |
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Assumptions of Science Assumption #1: |
Determinism- every event is caused vs. underdeterminism- events are random and unpredictable |
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Assumption #2: |
Materialism- all events are caused by things in the material world |
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Pseudoscience |
fake science... example: study of aliens, astronomy, etc. |
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Components of an article: |
Title Abstract Intro Method Results Discussion References |
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Independent variable: |
What we expect to effect (manipulation) |
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Dependent Variable: |
What we are trying to measure (measured) |
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Types of research articles: |
Primary source:Describe one or more studies conducted by the authors to test a specific set of hypotheses Secondary Source:Articles that describe or analyze many studies on aparticular topic |
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Databases |
used to collect and manage different journals |
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The ABCs: |
Affect (Emotion) Behavior Cognition (thoughts) |
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Variables: |
anything that varies
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Extraneous Variables |
(Confounding Variable)
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Independent variable consists of ________ |
Levels= different groups or condition
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IV consists of levels and _______ |
Cells= combinations of different groups or conditions
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Dependent Variables consist of ______.
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Value= different responses on a measure between levels or cells
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Induction |
observing and making theories |
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Theory |
explanation of how something happens
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Deduction
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Theory--> hypothesis
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hypothesis
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prediction that can be tested through data
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Operational definition
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how a variable will be manipulated or measured
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interaction
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Effect of a combination of factors on a DV |
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Best Illustrated by...
Differences: Interaction: Relationship: |
D: Bar graph I: line graph R: scatter plot |
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Relationship described:
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" r"(relation)= +(indicates positive or negative) 0.37 (indicates the strength from 0.00 to 1.00)
(r = + 0.37) |
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case-studies
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observing one or more special cases
(e.g. Phineas gage) |
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non-experiments |
observing behavior as it occurs naturally |
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Naturalistic Observation |
observing people in their natural setting |
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Third-variable Problem – |
when any number of extraneous variables may be causing a relationship |
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External Validity |
e.g. naturalistic observation
natural environment, butthis lack of control causes low internal validity |
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Internal Validity
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E.g. experiments
controlling of the environment (i.e., lab setting), but this causes low externalvalidity |
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Meta Analysis |
when psychologists analyze the data ofmany studies on one topic to gauge the validity of theirhypothesis or the size of an effect
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Eugenics |
the belief that one race is inferior than others
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IRB
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Invention of Research Review Boards= regulate research involving human subjects
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Research but follow 3 requirements:
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1.benefits outweighs risks
2.participation is voluntary, informed consent 3.must be debriefed |
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Ex Post Facto |
Studying variables that you are not directlymanipulating (not random) |
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Qualitative approach |
quality (describing) -good for building new theories |
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Quantitative approach |
quantity (numbers) -good for testing existing theories |
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Archival Research |
analysis using public resources
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Concealment- |
whether or not a participant know if they're
being tested |
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participation-
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whether or not the experimenter interacts with the participant
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Directional Hypothesis
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IN WHAT WAY two or more groups will be different |
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non-directional hypothesis |
predicting that two or more groups will be
different. |
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more statistically significant if... |
1. there are more people in each condition
2. there is a greater distance between group means 3. there is less variability within each condition ( Smaller SD = less likely effects found are due to chancedifferences between groups) |
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counterhypothesis
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opposite of hypothesis
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Power analysis |
predicting ability of experimentto detect real effects as significant |
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quasi experiments have no... |
NO experimental control randomization control group |
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single-case design |
participants are analyzed individually,instead of only paying attention to group averages |
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single case design is measured before and after manipulation |
before=baseline
after=treatment |
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reversal design
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after treatment is shown to have aneffect, remove treatment to see if participants returnback to baseline (ABA) |
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single group design
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group averages are analyzed
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historical factors
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changes in culture across timecan affect DV, especially when study takes placeover years |
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Maturation factors
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changes in participantsacross time can affect DV
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demand factor |
participants have clues on the hypothesis
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measurement theory |
Turning the immaterial intosomething we can measure |
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Latent variable |
variable that cannot be directlymeasured and so must be inferred by something else |
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extraversion= latent variable |
Latent variables often measured with question-naires, because surveys can easily assessemotions and cognitions |
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comprehension |
understanding what is being asked of them
(understand) |
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Retrieval |
remembering informationthat is pertinent to the question (remember) |
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judgement
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making decision in howto answer the question in anappropriate way |
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response selection
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selecting whatseems to be the best answeravailable
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social desirability
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tendency to answer is a socially acceptable manner |
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Negativity bias-
satisfyzing- |
-tendency to answer everything negatively
-participants pick the most appropriate answer |
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RELIABILITY=
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consistent
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true score-
measurement error- |
-What the score actually should be (signal)
-random variance (noise) |
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Convergent validity
Divergent validity Discriminate validity |
-positive prediction
-negative prediction -no prediction |
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sample=descriptive statistics
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population=parameters |
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inferential statistics |
estimation from the population through a sample
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sampling error
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big difference between sample and population
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sampling error increases with: |
small samples large populations heterogeneity (different types of ppl in popul.) selection bias |
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convenience sampling |
people selected to participate because they're easy to sample (standing outside walmart) |
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Multiple regression |
predict 1 DV with multiple IVs |
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Hierarchical Regression |
let us test complex hypothesis |
