Psych 14

Front 1

1. How does language develop between 6 months and 6 years of age?

Back 1

- By 11 months, infants use symbolic gestures.
- About 12 months, infants use words to label objects.
- 18-24 months, toddlers combine 2-3 words into telegraphic speech.

Front 2

2. How many weeks after conception does a birth occur (typically)?

Back 2

- 37 to 42

Front 3

3. What are five major challenges to Piaget’s view of cognitive development?

Back 3

- Cognitive development consists of mental adaptations to new observations. Stage changes are neither as clear cut nor as sweeping as Piaget thought. Children sometimes understand more than Piaget thought. Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought. Cognitive development depends on the child’s education and culture. Piaget overestimated the cognitive skills of many adults.

Front 4

4. What are menarche and spermarche? When do these typically occur?

Back 4

- Menarche is a girl’s first menstrual period and spermarche is a guy’s first ejaculation. It occurs when they hit puberty, or when they can reproduce for the first time.

Front 5

5. What are the four stages of cognitive development, according to Piaget? What sorts of things characterize each of those stages?

Back 5

- 1. Sensorimotor- (birth to 2) learns concrete actions.. looking, touching…
- 2. preoperational- (2-7) language and symbolic thought develop
- 3. Concrete operations- (7-12) understanding of conservation, identity, and serial ordering, categorization,
- 4. Formal operations- (12 to adulthood) abstract reasoning develops

Front 6

6. What are the major physiological changes that girls and boys undergo during adolescence?

Back 6

- Conflict w parents, mood swings, and depression. Boys externalize emotions, girls internalize

Front 7

9. What are three forms of attachment that can develop between a child and a caregiver? How is the Strange Situation used to reveal these attachment styles?

Back 7

- Secure- A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion.
- Insecure- A parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion.
- Tested using strange situation- A parent-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of attachment

Front 8

10. What are three problems of adjustment that occur during adolescence?

Back 8

- Conflict with parents; Mood swings and depression; Higher rates of rule-breaking and risky behavior

Front 9

11. What are two defining characteristics of children’s thinking during the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

Back 9

- Egocentric and no understanding of conservation

Front 10

7. What are the stages of moral development, according to Kohlberg?

Back 10

- Preconventional- recognizing connections with environment,
- Conventional- develop sense of rules
- Post conventional- developing own rules and understanding

Front 11

12. What do gender typing, gender identity, and gender schemas refer to?

Back 11

- typing- learning behavior of certain sex that is acceptable by their culture; identity- sense of being male or female; schemas- own mental image of what it means to be male or female

Front 12

14. What happens to cognitive abilities and memory as we age and become senior citizens?

Back 12

- The speed of cognitive processing slows down, fluid intelligence declines, but crystallized intelligence depends on culture and environment

Front 13

15. What is a teratogen?

Back 13

- Any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus

Front 14

16. What is object permanence and what does a lack of it reveal about cognitive development?

Back 14

- The understanding that something continues to exist even though you cannot see or touch it.

Front 15

17. What is the distinction between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles, and how are these styles related to power assertion and induction in the development of moral behavior?

Back 15

- Power assertion- is authoritarian parent, aggressive and uses punishment to correct behavior Induction- where parents is in charge but are interacting w child, explaining why it is wrong

Front 16

18. What kinds of intellectual changes take place as people reach adulthood and old age? Do decrements in performance or ability necessarily have to take place?

Back 16

Fluid intelligence declines while crystallized depends. No many times this results from disease, medication, poor nutrition, or lack of exercise.

Front 17

19. What reflexes are babies born with? Why do scientists think they have these reflexes?

Back 17

- Rooting, Sucking, Swallowing, Moro (“startle”), Babinski, Grasping, and Stepping because they are necessary for survival

Front 18

20. What sorts of things influence the development of gender roles?

Back 18

- Biological factors- genetics and hormones influence gender development
- Cognitive factors- parents behavior and environment
- Learning factors- learns from reactions of parents; if little boy plays w dolls and dad gets mad, then he is less likely to do it again

Front 19

21. What triggers the onset of puberty?

Back 19

- Genetic and environmental factors, ex: body fat triggers hormonal changes

Front 20

22. What types of harmful influences that can disrupt the development of an embryo or fetus?

Back 20

- Toxic chemicals
Cigarettes, alcohol and other drugs
German measles
X-rays and other radiation
STDs