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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the psychologist who proposed the only major theory of development to include the entire lifespan?
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Erik Erikson
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How many stages of development are there according to Erikson?
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8 stages
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What defines each of the 8 stages of development according to Erikson?
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conflict that arises from the individual's relationship with the social environment and that must be resolved satisfactorily in order for healthy development to occur.
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T or F
According to Erikson, failure to resolve a particular conflict impedes later development |
True
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According to Erikson, what is the adult personality based on?
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The adult personality is buit upon successful resolutions of earlier conflicts.
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T or F
The adult stages according to Erikson are not as strongly tied to age as those that occur in childhood and adolescence. |
True
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What is the name for the view that developmental changes happen throughout the human lifespan and that interdisciplinary research is required to fully understand human development?
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Lifespan perspective
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T or F
Because Erikson's theory is quite broad, most researchers who are interested in Erikson's ideas focus on a single stage and either the positive or negative outcome it can produce. |
True
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What is the term for Erikson's 8 developmental stages through which individuals progress during their lifespan?
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Psychosocial stages
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What is the term for Erikson's theory where each stage is defined by a conflict involving the individual's relationship with the social environment, which must be resolved satisfactorily in order for healthy development to occur?
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Psychosocial stages
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Name Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development?
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1. trust vs. mistrust
2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. initiative vs. guilt 4. industry vs. inferiority 5. identity vs. role confusion 6. intimacy vs. isolation 7. generativity vs. stagnation 8. Ego integrity vs. despair |
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At what stage according to Erikson do infants learn to trust or mistrust depending on the degree and regularity of care, love and affection provided by parent or caregivers?
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Trust vs. mistrust
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At what stage according to Erikson do children learn to express their will and independence, to exercise some control, and to make choices. If not, they experience shame and doubt?
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Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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At what stage according to Erikson do children begin to initiate activities, to plan and undertake tasks, and to enjoy developing motor and other abilities. If not allowed to initiate or if made to feel stupid and considered a nuisance, they may develop a sense of guilt?
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Initiative vs. guilt
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At what stage according to Erikson do children develop industriousness and feel pride in accomplishing tasks, making things, and doing things. If not encouraged or if rebuffed by parents and teachers, they may develop a sense of inferiority?
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Industry vs. inferiority
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At what stage according to Erikson do adolescents must make the transition from childhood to adulthood, establish an identity, develop a sense of self, and consider a future occupational identity. Otherwise role confusion can result?
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Identity vs. role confusion
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At what stage according to Erikson do young adult must develop intimacy-the ability to share with, care for, and commit themselves to another person. Avoiding intimacy brings a sense of isolation and loneliness?
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Intimacy vs. isolation
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At what stage according to Erikson do middle-aged people must find some way of contributing to the development of the next generation. Failing this, they may become self-absorbed and emotionally impoverished and reach a point of stagnation?
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Generativity vs. stagnation
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At what stage according to Erikson do individuals review their lives, and if they are satisfied and feel a sense of accomplishment, they will experience ego integrity. If dissatisfied, they may sink into despair?
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Ego integrity vs. despair
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According to Erikson what is the term for the emotional turmoil a teenager experiences when trying to establish a sense of personal identity?
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Identity crisis
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According to Erikson, what would the teenager in an identity crisis would ask herself?
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"Who am I"
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According to James Marcia, what are the 2 parts of an identity crisis?
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1. crisis
2. commitment |
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Describe how James Marcia views the relationship between crisis and commitment?
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The intersections of high and low crisis with high and low commitment.
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According to James Marcia what do the intersections of high and low crisis and commitments produce?
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4 possible identity statuses
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What are the 4 possible identity statuses according to James Marcia?
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1. identity achievement
2. moratorium 3. foreclosure 4. identity diffusion |
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According to James Marcia what is the name he assigned to the identity status characterized by the young person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological or occupational goals?
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identity achievement
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According to James Marcia what is the name he assigned to the identity status characterized by a crisis is in progress, but no commitment has yet been made?
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moratorium
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According to James Marcia what is the name he assigned to the identity status characterized by a young person makes a commitment by accepting a culturally or socially defined option without having gone through a crisis?
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foreclosure
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According to James Marcia what is the name he assigned to the identity status characterized by the young person is neither in crisis nor has reached a commitment?
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identity diffusion
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According to recent research, when does the identity vs. role confusion begin?
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Late teens and continues into the twenties.
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Which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development arises out of an individual's sense of personal mortatlity and appears after the person has made some kind of commitment regarding her lifelong pattern of intimate relationships?
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Generativity
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According to Erikson, what stage of development is the predominant theme of adulthood, preoccupying our thoughts and motivating our actions for several decades?
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Generativity
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T or F
According to Erikson, the poor resolution of conflicts in early stages affects an individual's ability to resolve conflicts in later stages? |
True
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What stage of development is a child needing consistent attention to physical, social and emotional needs?
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trust vs. mistrust
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What stage of development is a child initiating play and motor activities, and asking questions?
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initiative vs. guilt
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What stage of development is a child striving for sense of independence?
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autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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What stage of development is a child undertaking projects and making things?
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industry vs. inferiority
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What stage of development is an adolescent or adult searching for a life partner?
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intimacy vs. isolation
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What stage of development is an adolescent or adult seeking to answer the question, "Who am I"?
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identity vs. role confusion
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What stage of development is an adolescent or adult concerned with influencing future generations?
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Generativity vs. stagnation
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What stage of development is an adolescent or adult reflecting on life's accomplishments to achieve a sense of satisfaction?
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ego integrity vs. despair
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What does most research of Erikson's theory focused on?
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His concepts of
1. identity 2. generativity |
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What is the term given to the stage of development that begins at puberty?
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Adolescence
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When did the concept of adolescence begin?
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@1904 psychologist G,. Stanley Hall first wrote about it in his book, "Adolescence"
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Who considered adolescence to be a stormy period that was a necessary part of normal development?
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Anna Freud, daughter of Sigmund Freud
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T orF
Most teens are psychologically healthy. |
True
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What is the term for the developmental stage that begins at puberty and encompasses the period from the end of childhood to the beginning of adulthood?
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Adolescence
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What is the term for the period of several years in which rapid physical growth and physiological changes occur, culminating in sexual maturity?
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Puberty
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What is the term for the marked acceleration in growth during puberty?
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adolescent growth spurt
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When do girls attain their full height?
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between 16-17 years old
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When do boys attain their full height?
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between 18-20 years old
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What happens to the reproductive organs during puberty?
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They mature
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What is the term for those physical characteristics that are not directly involved in reproduction but distinguish the mature male from the mature female?
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Secondary sex characteristics
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Cite examples of secondary sex characteristics in boys:
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1. voice deepens
2. facial and chest hair 3. pubic hair grows |
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Cite examples of secondary sex characteristics in girls:
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1. breasts develop
2. hips widen and become round 3. pubic hair grows |
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What is the major landmark for males during puberty?
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First ejaculation
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What is the major landmark for females during puberty?
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onset of menstruation
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What is the term given to the onset of menstruation in girls?
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Menarche
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How old is the average female when menarche occurs?
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between 12-13 years old.
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How old is the average male when experience first ejaculation?
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13 years old
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T or F
Research from @ the world indicates that boys who reached puberty early are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior |
True
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T or F
Early maturing females are more likely than their peers to develop bulimia and other eating disorders, in addition they may have to deal with the sexual advances of older boys before they are emotionally mature. |
True
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Research indicates that what percentage of high school students have had more than 4 sexual partners before they are seniors?
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25%
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What percentage of young women become pregnant before they reach 20?
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9%
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What is the term for the ability to think about and control one's own memory processes?
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metamemory
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Describe the most often cited study involving metamemory?
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10 and 14 year olds were given clocks and asked to begin an activity for exactly 30 minutes.
Results: 75% of 14 year olds stopped at precisely 30 minutes less than 50% 10 year olds succeeded at stopping at exactly 30 minutes |
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Name the psychologist who agreed with Piaget that moral reasoning closely related to cognitive development?
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Kohlberg
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Cite Kohlberg's 3 Levels of Moral Reasoning:
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1. Preconventional level
2. Conventional level 3. Postconventional level |
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HOw many stages are in each of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning?
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2 stages in each, with a total of 6 stages
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What is the term given to Kohblerg's level of moral reasoning where acts are judged as good or bad based on their physical consequences?
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Preconventional level
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Name the # stage where "right" is whatever avoids punishment?
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Stage 1, during preconventional level
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What # stage of Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning is the example, "You scratch my back, and I'll scratch yours"?
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#2 stage, during preconventional level
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What is the term given to Kohlberg's 2nd level of moral reasoning in which the individual has internalized the standards of others and judges right and wrong in terms of those standards?
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Conventional level
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What # stage in Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning is the example of good boy-nice girl orientation" or good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them?
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Stage #3, during conventional level
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What # stage in Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning is the example of orientation toward "authority, fixed rules, and the maintenance of the social order. Right behavior consists of doing one's duty, showing respect for authority, and maintaining the given social order for its own sake?
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Stage #4, during conventional level
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What is the term given to Kohlberg's highest level of moral reasoning?
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Postconventional level
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What is the term for Kohlberg's highest level of moral reasoning, in which moral reasoning involves weighing moral alternatives and realizing that laws may conflict with basic human rights?
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Postconventional level
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What # stage in Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning is when the person believes that laws are formulated to protect society and the individual and should be changed if they fail to do so?
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Stage #5, during Postconventional level
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In what # stage are ethical decisions are based on universal ethical principles, which emphasize respect for human life, justice, equality, and dignity for all people, even if it results in a violation of the law?
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Stage #6, during the Postconventional level
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According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning requires what?
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the ability to think at Piaget's stage of formal operations.
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According to Kohlberg, attainment of postconventional level is most related to what 2 factors?
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1. education
2. middle-class, college educated adults |
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T or F
Kohlberg claimed that people progress through his stages of moral reasoning one stage at a time, in a fixed order. |
True
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T or F
In studies conducted @ the world, Stages 1-4 of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning were universally present. |
True
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What level was extremely rare?
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Stage 5, present in only middle class, college educated
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What level was completely absent in all tribal or village folk societies?
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Stage 5
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T or F
Kohlberg failed to include women in his original studies, but went on to claim that majority of women remained at Stage 3. |
True
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Name the researcher who examined women and Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning and discovered uniqueness amongst women?
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Gilligan
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According to book, what style of parenting was determined to be the most effective during a child's adolescence?
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Authoritative
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According to book, what style of parenting was determined to be the lease effective during a child's adolescence
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Permissive
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What group influences teens almost as much as family, if not sometimes more?
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Peer groups
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What is the term for the period from the late teens to early twenties when individuals explore options prior to committing to adult roles?
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Emerging Adulthood
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According to what 2 psychologists is adolescence a period of storm and stress?
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1. Stanley Hall
2. Anna Freud |
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What is the term for physical characteristics that are not directly involved in reproduction?
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Secondary sex characteristics
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What level of moral reasoning does the rationale "to avoid punishment or gain a reward" match?
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Preconventional level
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What level of moral reasoning does the rationale "to ensure that human rights are protected" match?
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Postconventional level
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What level of moral reasoning does the rationale "to gain approval or follow the law" match?
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Conventional level
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What is the term for the ability to consciously monitor memory function and it dramatically improves during adolescence?
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Metamemory
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For adolescents, what is the most effective parenting style according to the book?
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Authoritative
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For adolescents, what is the least effective parenting style according to the book?
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Permissive
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Who can provide an important source of emotional support for teens?
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Peers
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What is the name for the period between adolescence and adulthood when an individual explores options?
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Emerging Adulthood
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What is the term applied to that part of adulthood during the ages between 20 to 40 years old?
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Early adulthood
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What is the term applied to that part of adulthood during the ages between 40 to 65 years old?
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Middle adulthood
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How do researchers divided the events associated with aging into?
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2 categories:
1. primary aging 2. secondary aging |
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What term is applied to the type of aging that is biological and generally unavoidable?
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Primary
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What is the term for a condition developing in the mid-to-late 40s, in which the lenses of the eyes mo longer accommodate adequately for near vision, and reading glasses or bifocals are required for reading?
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Presbyopia
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What example of aging is presbyopia associated with?
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Primary
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What type of aging is associated with the results of poor health-related habits and lifestyle choices?
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Secondary
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T or F
Declines associated with advancing age are attributable to the combination of primary and secondary aging. |
True
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What is the term for the cessation of menstruation, which usually occurs between ages 45 and 55 and marks the end of reproductive capacity?
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Menopause
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T or F
Research has shown that in 5 areas- verbal meaning, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, numerical reasoning, and word fluency- modest gains are realized from ages 20 to mid-40s. |
True
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T or F
Men are more likely to graduate from college than women |
FALSE<
Women are more likely to graduate from college!!!!!!!! |
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T or F
More people are living alone than in the past. |
True
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T or F
Most single households are headed by a young adult. |
True
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T or F
The divorce rate amongst couples who lived together before they married is higher than amongst couples who did not live together before marriage. |
True
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T or F
Divorce rates may have leveled or even lessened slightly in recent years. |
True
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T or F
Marriages most likely to fail are marriages between teenagers nonreligious marriages in which the bride was pregnant, and marriages of people whose parents had divorced. |
True
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T or F
Research indicates that marital satisfaction declines after the birth of the first child. |
True
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What is the term used to describe the angst middle-aged people feel over their lost youth?
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mid-life crisis
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At what age is someone most likely to experience a stressor overload?
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Between 40 and 60 years old
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What is the term given to the myth that parents may feel a loss when their children grow up and move out?
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Empty nest syndrome
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Name 3 myths of middle age:
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1. mid-life crisis
2. stressor overload 3. empty nest syndrome |
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At what age do most people reach their physical peaks?
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during their 20s.
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What tends to happen to intellectual performance between the ages of 20 and 40?
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Intellectual performance tends in increase
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What do young adults form while attending college that serve as the primary source of social support?
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Social networks
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About what percentage of adults in the US marry at least onece
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80%
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Name 2 advantages that are associated with marriage:
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1. income
2. health |
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Since 1980, what has happened to divorce rates?
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They have fallen
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What is the term for a process in which the reduction in the speed of neural transmission leads to a slowing of physical and mental functions?
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General slowing
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What is the term for the process that results from the breakdown of the myelin sheaths of individual neurons in the brain?
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General slowing
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What hormone's decline is associated with aging in both men and women and is partly responsible for diminished sexual activity and pleasure?
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Testosterone
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What is the name for the scientific study of aging?
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Gerontology
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When examining the older adult population, what are the 2 types of intelligence that are studied?
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1. crystallized intelligence
2. fluid intelligence |
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What is the term f a type of intelligence comprising verbal ability and accumulated knowledge, which tend to increase over the lifespan
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Crystallized intelligence
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What is the term for a type of intelligence comprising abstract reasoning and mental flexibility , which peak in the early 20s and decline slowly as people age?
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Fluid intelligence
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Name several factors that are positively correlated with good cognitive function in the elderly:
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1. education level
2. complex work environment 3. long marriage to an intelligent spouse 4. higher income |
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What is the name for the most common form of dementia amongst the elderly:
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Alzheimer's Disease
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What is the term for a group of neurological disorders in which problems with memory and thinking affect an individual's emotional, social, and physical functioning, and that are caused by physical deterioration of the brain?
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Dementia
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What is the term for a progressive and incurable disorder that involves widespread degeneration and disruption of brain cells, resulting in dementia?
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Alzheimer's Disease
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What is the term for the type of memory involving time sequences?
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Temporal memory
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In its early stages, what type of memory do Alzheimer patients have difficulty with?
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Temporal memory (involving time)
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Name the 2 structural changes in the brain of an Alzheimer patient?
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1. hippocampus has neurons clogged with twisted, stringy masses (neurofibrillary tangles), and
2. neurons are surrounded by dense deposits of proteins and other materials (Plaques) |
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What is the term given to the twisted, stringy masses that clog the neurons of the hippocampus of an Alzheimer patient?
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Neurofibrillary tangles
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What is the term for the proteins and other matter that surround the neurons in the hippocampus of Alzheimer patients?
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Plaques
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T or F
The brain of an Alzheimer patient has typically become smaller in volume. |
True
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Name the professor who wrote the book, On Death and Dying?
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Elixabeth Kubler-Ross
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According to Kubler-Ross, what are the 5 stages people go through in coming to terms with death?
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1. denial
2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance |
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What stage of dying does the patient experience shock and disbelief according to Kubler-Ross?
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Denial
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What stage of dying does the patient experience resentment and envy toward those who are young and healthy according to Kubler-Ross?
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Anger
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What stage of dying does the patient attempt to postpone death in return for a promise of "good behavior" according to Kubler-Ross?
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Bargaining
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What stage of dying does the patient experience a great sense of loss that may take 2 forms according to Kubler-Ross?
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Depression
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What are the 2 forms of depression that a person may experience as they progress through Kubler-Ross's 5 Stages of Dying?
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1. depression over past losses
2. depression over impending losses |
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What stage of dying does the patient stop struggling against death and contemplate its coming without fear or despair
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Acceptance
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What is the name for a service that is now often used to care for the needs of the dying in ways other than in a traditional hospital setting?
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Hospice
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T or F
Older adults are less likely to be poor compared to young adults. |
True
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Younger adults outperform older adults on cognitive tasks requiring what?
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speed
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According to Kubler-Ross, what is the 1st stage experienced by terminally ill patients in coming to terms with death?
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Denial
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According to Kubler-Ross, what is the last stage experienced by terminally ill patients in coming to term with death?
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Acceptance
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What is the name for an agency that is an alternative to a hospital or nursing home as a provider of care for the dying?
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Hospice
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