Psych 133 Ch2

Front 1

What inherited disease is neurological disorder, fatal including progressive deterioration of the sufferer's cognitive and motor functioning?

Back 1

Huntington's Disease

Front 2

What is the term for jerky movements and clumsiness often observed in Huntington's Disease patients?

Back 2

Chorea

Front 3

Name the family that has been central to finding a cure for Huntington's Disease?

Back 3

Wexler

Front 4

What is the name of the foundation founded by the Wexler family?

Back 4

The Hereditary Disease Foundation

Front 5

T or F
Having the HD gene means that an individual's risk of developing the disease is 100%.

Back 5

True

Front 6

T or F
Alice and Nancy Wexler have been tested for the HD gene.

Back 6

False,
they refuse to be tested.

Front 7

What is the term for the specialized cell that conducts impulses through the nervous system and contains 3 major parts: cell body, dendrites, and an axon?

Back 7

Neuron

Front 8

List the 3 parts of a neuron?

Back 8

1. cell body
2. dendrites
3. axon

Front 9

what the the term for the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic functions of the neuron?

Back 9

cell body

Front 10

What is the term for the part of a neuron that is the branchlike extensions of the cell body that receive signals from other neurons?

Back 10

Dendrites

Front 11

What is the term for the slender, tail-like extension of the neuron that transmits signals to the dendrites or cell body of other neurons and to muscles, glands, and other parts of the body?

Back 11

Axon

Front 12

What is the term for the specialized cells in the brain and spinal cord that hold neurons together, remove waste products such as dead neurons, and perform other manufacturing, nourishing, and cleanup tasks?

Back 12

Glial cells
(pron: GLEE-UL)

Front 13

What is the term for the junction where the axon terminal of a sending neuron communicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft?

Back 13

Synapse

Front 14

What is the term for the slight negative electrical potential of the axon membrane of a neuron at rest?

Back 14

Resting potential

Front 15

What is the approx. value (in millivolts) of an axon's resting potential?

Back 15

-70 millivolts

Front 16

What is the term for the sudden reversal of the resting potential, which initiates the firing of a neuron?

Back 16

Action potential

Front 17

What is the term for the white, fatty coating wrapped around some axons that acts as insulation and enables impulses to travel much faster?

Back 17

Myelin sheath

Front 18

What is the term for a chemical substance that is released into the synaptic cleft from the axon terminal of a sending neuron, crosses a synapse, and binds to appropriate receptor sites on the dendrites or cell body of a receiving neuron, influencing the cell either to fire or not to fire?

Back 18

Neurotransmitter

Front 19

What is the term for the protein molecules on the surfaces of dendrites and cell bodies that have distinctive shapes and will interact only with specific neurotrnasmitters

Back 19

Receptors

Front 20

What is the term for the process by which neurotransmitters are taken from the synaptic cleft back into the axon terminal for later use, thus terminating their excitatory or inhibitory effect on the receiving neuron?

Back 20

Reuptake

Front 21

What is the term for the space between an axon terminal of a sending neuron and a receiving neuron?

Back 21

Synaptic cleft

Front 22

What is the term for the many small, sphere-shaped containers with thin membranes that hold the neurotransmitters?

Back 22

Synaptic vesicles

hint: vesicle is Latin for little bladder

Front 23

What is the term for the neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning new information, causes the skeletal muscle fibers to contract, and keeps the heart from beating too rapidly?

Back 23

Acetylcholine

pron: ah-SEET-ul-KOH-leen)

Front 24

What is the monoamine neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning, attention, movement and reinforcement?

Back 24

Dopamine

Front 25

T or F
Monoamines produce both excitatory and inhibitory effects?

Back 25

True

Front 26

How many monoamines are there?

Back 26

4

Front 27

Name the neurotransmitter that affects eating, alertness, and sleep?

Back 27

norepinipherine

pron: nor-EP-ih-NEF-rin

Front 28

Name the neurotransmitter that affects the metabolism of glucose and nutrient energy stored in muscles to be released during strenuous exercise?

Back 28

Epinephrine

Front 29

What is the term for the time period during which a neuron cannot fire again?

Back 29

Refractory period

Front 30

What is the term for the description of neurotransmitters who influence neurons to fire?

Back 30

Excitatory

Front 31

What is the term to describe a neurotransmitter's action on a neuron that influences the neuron not to fire?

Back 31

Inhibitory

Front 32

T or F
For a neuron to fire, the excitatory influences must exceed the inhibitory influences by a sufficient amount.

Back 32

True

Front 33

What neurotransmitter might individuals with schizophrenia may be less sensitive to the effects of?

Back 33

Dopamine

Front 34

What monoamine neurotransmitter plays an important role in regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, and appetite?

Back 34

Serotonin

Front 35

Name the 4 monoamine neurotransmitters?

Back 35

1. Dopamine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Epinephrine
4. Serotonin

Front 36

Name the 2 most common amino acids that act as neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous system?

Back 36

1. Glutamate
2. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid

Front 37

What amino acid acting as a neurotransmitter is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Back 37

Glutamate

Front 38

What amino acid acting as a neurotransmitter may be released by 40% of neurons and is active in areas of the brain invloved in learning, thought and emotions?

Back 38

Glutamate

Front 39

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain thought to facilitate the control of anxiety in humans?

Back 39

GABA

Front 40

What types of drugs bind with and stimulate a type of GABA receptor and thus increases GABA's anxiety controlling effect?q

Back 40

tranquilizers
barbiturates
alcohol

Front 41

T or F
Receptor sites on the receiving neuron receive only neurotransmitter molecules whose shape is similar to theirs.

Back 41

True

Front 42

What support neurons supplying them with nutrients and carrying away their waste products?

Back 42

Glial cells

Front 43

When a neuron fires, where are the synaptic vesicles located?

Back 43

Axon terminal

Front 44

When a neuron fires, where are the neurotransmitters released into?

Back 44

The synaptic cleft

Front 45

T or F
The brain manufactures its own opiatelike substances?

Back 45

True

Front 46

What are the opiatelike substances that the brain manufactures?

Back 46

Enorphins

Front 47

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Back 47

Glutamate

Front 48

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Back 48

GABA

Front 49

Name the 2 parts of the nervous system:

Back 49

1. Central nervous system (CNS)
2. Peripheral nervous system
(PNS)

Front 50

What is the part of the nervous system comprising the brain the the spinal cord?

Back 50

CNS - central nervous system

Front 51

What is the system of nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body?

Back 51

PNS - peripheral nervous system

Front 52

What is the term for the extension of the brain, from the base of the brain, through the neck and spinal column, that transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system?

Back 52

Spinal corde

Front 53

What is the link between the spinal cord and the brain tha t contains structures that regulate physiological frunctions, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure?

Back 53

hindbrain

Front 54

T or F
The spinal cord can act without help from the brain to protect the body from injury.

Back 54

True

Front 55

What is the approx. diameter of the spinal cord?

Back 55

diameter of a little finger

Front 56

What is the name for the structure that begins at the point where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the brain and handles functions critical to physical survival?

Back 56

Brainstem

Front 57

Name the parts of the brainstem?

Back 57

1. medulla
2. the pons
3. reticular formation
4. cerebellum

Front 58

What is the part of the brainstem that is the structure that controls heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, and swallowing?

Back 58

Medulla

Front 59

What is the part of the brainstem that is the structure that plays a crucial role in arousal and attention and tat screens sensory messages entering the brain?

Back 59

Reticular formation

Front 60

What is another term for the reticular formation?

Back 60

Reticular activating system
or RAS

Front 61

What is the bridgelike structure at the top of the brainstem that extends across the top front of the brainstem and connects to both halves of the cerebellum?

Back 61

the pons

Front 62

What brain structure resembles the larger cerebrum, makes up 10% of the brain and helps the body execute smooth, skilled movements and regulates muscle tone and posture?

Back 62

Cerebellum

Front 63

Where is the midbrain located?

Back 63

between the hindbrain and the forebrain

Front 64

What is the structure in the midbrain that controls unconscious motor movements?

Back 64

substantia nigra

Front 65

What region of the brain act primarily as relay stations through which the basic physiological functions of the hindbrain are linked to the congnitive functions of the forebrain?

Back 65

Midbrain

Front 66

What is the term for the largest part of the brain?

Back 66

Forebrain

Front 67

Where are cognitive functions as well as many of the motor functions of the brain carried out?

Back 67

Forebrain

Front 68

What structure located above the brainstem acts as a relay station for information flowing into or out of the forebrain?

Back 68

Thalamus

Front 69

What structure has 2 egg-shaped parts?

Back 69

thalamus

Front 70

What structure lies directly below the thalamus, a small bu influential structure that regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, internal body temperature, other body functions and a wide variety of emotional behaviors?

Back 70

hypothalamus

Front 71

What is the name of the group of structures of the midbrain, including the amygdala and hippocampus, that are collectively involved in emotional expression, memory and motivation?

Back 71

Limbic system

Front 72

What is the structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in emotions, particularly in response to unpleasant or punishing stimuli?

Back 72

amygdala

Front 73

Name the principle structures of the limbic system?

Back 73

1. thalamus
2. hypthalamus
3. pituatary gland
4. amygdala
5. hippocampus

Front 74

What is the structure in the limbic system that plays a central role in the storing of new memories, the response to new or unexpected stimuli and navigational ability?

Back 74

Hippocampus

Front 75

Name the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 75

1. Autonomic nervous system
2. somatic nervous system

Front 76

What division of the PNS controls skeletal muscles; interacts with external environment

Back 76

Somatic nervous system

Front 77

What division of the PNS regulates body's internal environment, including organs, glands, blood vessels?

Back 77

Autonomic nervous system

Front 78

Name the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 78

1. sympathetic nervous system
2. parasympathetic nervous system.

Front 79

What is the division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources during stress and emergencies, preparing the body for action?

Back 79

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 80

What is the division of the autonomic nervous system that brings the heightened bodily responses back to normal following an emergency?

Back 80

Parasympathetic nervous system

Front 81

What are the 2 parts of the central nervous system?

Back 81

1. brain
2. spinal cord

Front 82

What regulates internal body temperature?

Back 82

hypothalamus

Front 83

What serves as a relay station for most sensory information?

Back 83

thalamus

Front 84

Coordinated body movements are controlled by what?

Back 84

cerebellum

Front 85

What term for the nervous system that connects the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body?

Back 85

Peripheral nervous system

Front 86

What term for the nervous system that mobilzies the body's resources during times of stress?

Back 86

sympathetic nervous

Front 87

What nervous system restores the body's functions to normal once a crisis has passed?

Back 87

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 88

What is an ECG?

Back 88

electroencephalogram, a record of brain-wave activity made by a machine called by an electroencephalograph

Front 89

Name the brainwave pattern that associated with mental or physical activity?

Back 89

Beta wave

Front 90

Name the brainwave pattern that is associated with deep relaxation?

Back 90

Alpha wave

Front 91

Name the brain-wave pattern associated with slow-wave (deep) sleep

Back 91

Delta wave

Front 92

What is the name of the small wire used t monitor the electrical activity of or stimulate activity within a single neuron?

Back 92

Microelectorde

Front 93

What is a CT scan?

Back 93

Computerized axial tomography scan
a brain-scanning technique that uses a rotating, computerized x-ray tube to produce cross-sectional images of the structures of the brain

Front 94

What is an MRI

Back 94

Magnetic resonance imager
a diagnostic scanning technique that produces high-resolution images of the structures of the brain

Front 95

What is a PET scan?

Back 95

Positron-emission tomography
a brain-imaging technique that reveals activity in various parts of the brain, based on patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption

Front 96

What is a functional MRI

Back 96

a brain-imaging technique that reveals both brain structure and brain activity more precisely and rapidly than PET

Front 97

What reveals the the electrical activity of the brain b producing a record of brain waves?

Back 97

ECG
electroencephalogram

Front 98

What is the name for the newer imaging technique that reveals both brain structure and brain activity?

Back 98

PET

Front 99

What is the term for the largest structure of the human brain, consisting of the 2 cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum and covered by the cerebral cortex?

Back 99

Cerebrum

Front 100

What is the term for the right and left halves of the cerebrum, covered by the cerebral cortex and connected by the corpus callosum, controlling movement and feeling on the opposing sides of the body?

Back 100

Cerebral hemisphere

Front 101

What is the term for the thick band of nerve fibers that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres and makes possible the transfer of information and the synchronization of activity between the hemisphere

Back 101

Corpus callosum

Front 102

What is the name for the gray, convoluted covering of the cerebral hemispherees that is responsible for the higher mental processes of language, memory and thinking?

Back 102

Cerebral cortex

Front 103

What is the term for the areas of the cerebral cortex that house memories and are involved in though, perception, and laguage?

Back 103

association areas

Front 104

What is the term for the specialization of one of the cerebral hemispheres to handle a particular function?

Back 104

lateralization

Front 105

T or F
Is right-brained or left-brained have scientific foundation?

Back 105

NO>

Front 106

Which cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of the body, coordinates complex movements, and in most people, handles most of the language functions?

Back 106

Left hemisphere

Front 107

Which cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of the body and , in most people is specialized for visual spatial perceptions?

Back 107

Right hemisphere

Front 108

What is the term for the surgical procedure performed to treat sever case of epilepsy, in which the corpus callosum is cut separating the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 108

Split brain operation

Front 109

What is the largest of the brain's lobes?

Back 109

Frontal lobes

Front 110

Where are the motor cortex, Broca's area, and the frontal assocation areas housed

Back 110

Frontal lobes

Front 111

What is the term for the strip of tissue at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary body movement and participates in learning and cognitive events?

Back 111

Motor cortex

Front 112

What is the term for the area of the frontal lobe, usually on the left hemisphere that controls the production of speech sounds?

Back 112

Broca's area

Front 113

What is the term for the impairment in the physical ability to produce speech sounds, or in extreme cases an inability to speak at all caused by damage to Broca's area?

Back 113

Broca's aphasia

Front 114

T or F
Broca's aphasia is a problem in understanding language.

Back 114

FALSE
Broca's aphasia is a problem in PRODUCING language

Front 115

What is the term for the lobes that contain the somatosensory cortex, and other areas that responsibile for body awareness and spatial oreintation?

Back 115

Parietal lobes

Front 116

What is the name for the strip of tissue at the front] of the parietal lobes where touch, pressure, temperature and pain register in the cerebral corex

Back 116

somatosensory cortex

Front 117

What are the lobes that are involved in the reception and interpretations of visual information, they contain the primary visual cortex?

Back 117

occipital lobews

Front 118

What is the name of the area at the rear of the occipital lobes where vision registers in the cerebral cortex?

Back 118

Primary visual cortex

Front 119

What lobes are inolved in the reception and interpretation of auditory information, they contain the primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, and temporal associaiton

Back 119

Temporal lobes

Front 120

What is the part of each temporal lobe where hearing registers in the cerebral cortex?

Back 120

Primary auditory cortex

Front 121

What is the language area in the left temporal lobe involved in comprehending the spoken word and formulating coherent speech and written langauge?

Back 121

Wernicke's area

Front 122

What is the name for the type of aphasia that results from damage to WErnicke's area and in which the person's speech is fluent and clearly articulated but does not make sense to listeners?

Back 122

Wernicke's aphasia

Front 123

What is the term for the band of fibers connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

Back 123

corpus callosum

Front 124

Where do you process facial expression?

Back 124

right hemisphere

Front 125

Speech production area?

Back 125

Broca's area

Front 126

Speech understanding area?

Back 126

Wernicke's area

Front 127

A person with brain injury and problems with emotions has an injury to what lobe?

Back 127

frontal

Front 128

What is the term for the gradual process during which connections between neurons develop?

Back 128

synaptogenesis

Front 129

What is the term for the process through which the developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses

Back 129

pruning

Front 130

What is the term for the brain's ability to adapt and change?

Back 130

plasticity

Front 131

What is the system of ductless glands in various parts of the body that manufacture hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream, thus affecting cells, in other parts of the body?

Back 131

Endocrine system

Front 132

Name the 9 major glands of the endocrine system?

Back 132

1. pituatary gland
2. pineal gland
3. parathyroid gland
4. thyroid gland
5. thymus gland
6. adrenal gland
7. pancreas
8. ovaries
9. testes

Front 133

What is the name of the a chemical substance that is manufactured and released in one part of the body and affects other parts of the body?

Back 133

hormone

Front 134

What is the name of the endocrine gland that is located in the brain that releases hormones that activiate other endocrine glands as well as growth?

Back 134

pituitary gland

Front 135

What is the "master gland"

Back 135

pituitary gland

Front 136

What is the the term given to the pair of endocrine glands that release hormones that prepare the body for emergencies and stressful situations and also release corticoids and small amounts of the sex hormones/

Back 136

ADRENAL GLANDS

Front 137

What gland regulates blood sugar levels

Back 137

pancreas

Front 138

Name the 2 hormones released by the pancreas?

Back 138

1. insulin
2. glucagen

Front 139

As a group, what is the term given to the testes and ovaries?

Back 139

gonads

Front 140

What gland is responsible for maintinaing metabolism

Back 140

thyroid

Front 141

What is the term given to the segments of DNA that are located on the chromosomes and are the basic units for the transmission of all hereditary traits?

Back 141

genes

Front 142

What are the rod-shaped structures in the nuclei of body cells, which contain all the genes and carry all the genetic information necessary to make a human being?

Back 142

chromosomes

Front 143

What is the term given to an individual's genetic makeup?

Back 143

Genotype

Front 144

What is the term given to an individual's actual physical characteristics?

Back 144

phenotype

Front 145

What is the term given to the set of inheritance rules in which the presence of a single dominant gene causes a trait to be expressed but 2 genes must be present for the expression of a recessive trait?

Back 145

dominant-recessive pattern

Front 146

What is the term given to the pattern of inheritance in which a trait is influenced by both genes and environmental factors?

Back 146

multifactorial inheritance

Front 147

What is the name of the field of research that uses twin studies and adoption studies to investigate the relative effects of heredity and environment on behavior?

Back 147

Behavioral genetics

Front 148

What are the X and Y chromosomes known as?

Back 148

sex chromosomes

Front 149

What type of gene will not be expressed if the individual carries only one copy of it?

Back 149

recessive

Front 150

What is the when characteristics that are affected by both genes and environment are said to be what?????

Back 150

multifactorial

Front 151

What type of twins develop from a single fertilized egg?

Back 151

identical

Front 152

What determines the sex of an individual?

Back 152

The type of sex chromosome carried by the sperm