Psych 133 Ch16

Front 1

What is the term for the subfield that attempts to explain how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals?

Back 1

Social psychology

Front 2

What is the term for a person who poses as a participant in an experiment but is actually assisting the experimenter?

Back 2

Confederate

Front 3

T or F
In order to create a deception for an experiment, a researcher must use one or more confederates.

Back 3

True

Front 4

What is the term for a person who has agreed to participate in an experiment but is not aware that deception is being used to conceal its real purpose?

Back 4

Naive subject

Front 5

T or F
Social psychologists seek to identify hypotheses that can help to predict how changes in each of the variables will interact with changes in the others to produce variations in outcomes>

Back 5

True

Front 6

List the 2 strategies people use when first perceiving others?

Back 6

1. impression formation
2. attribution

Front 7

What is the term for the tendency for an overall impression of another to be influenced more y the first information that is received about that person than by information that comes later?

Back 7

Primacy effect

Front 8

T or F
Studies reveal that an overall impression or judgment of another person is influenced more by the first information that is received about that person than by information that comes later?

Back 8

True

Front 9

When listing your personal traits or qualities, which should you list first?

Back 9

The positive qualities

Front 10

What is the term for an assignment of a cause to explain one's own or another's behavior?

Back 10

Attribution

Front 11

List the 2 main types of attribution:

Back 11

1. situational attribution
2. dispositional attribution

Front 12

What is the term for the type of attribution that results from attributing a behavior to some external cause or factor operating within the situation?

Back 12

Situational attribution

Front 13

What is another name for an external attribution?

Back 13

Situational attribution

Front 14

What is the term for the type of attribution that results from attributing a behavior to some internal cause, such as a personal trait, motive, or attitude?

Back 14

Dispositional attribution

Front 15

What is another name for an internal attribution?

Back 15

Dispositional attribution

Front 16

What type of attribution do we tend to use to explain our own failures?

Back 16

Situational attribution

Front 17

What type of attribution is being used when explaining why you failed an exam you might say, "The test was unfair" or The professor didn't give us enough time"?

Back 17

Situational attribution

Front 18

What type of attribution is being used when explaining why you failed an exam you might say that it is due to a poor ability or poor memory?

Back 18

Dispositional attribution

Front 19

What type of attribution do we tend to use to explain others' failures?

Back 19

Personal factors or dispositional attribution

Front 20

What is the term for the tendency to attribute one's own behavior primarily to situational factors and the behavior of others primarily to dispositional factors?

Back 20

Actor-Observer effect

Front 21

What type of attribution is being used when you explain away a traffic accident by saying that it was the result of another driver's failure to yeild to you?

Back 21

Situational attribution

Front 22

What type of attribution is being used when you explain away away another person's involvement in a traffic accident was a result of his poor driving skills?

Back 22

Dispositional attribution

Front 23

What is the term for the tendency to attribute others; behavior to dispositional factors?

Back 23

Fundamental attributional error

Front 24

What is the term for the phenomenon that occurs when you are waiting in line to make a purchase, witnessing an unsatisfactory transaction between the store clerk and a customer who is ahead of us may cause you to expect your own transaction to be unsatisfactory as well?

Back 24

Fundamental attributional error

Front 25

What is the term for the tendency to attribute one's successes to dispositional causes and one's failures to situational causes?

Back 25

Self-serving bias

Front 26

What is the term for the phenomenon that allows us to take credit for our successes and shift the blame for our failures to the situation?

Back 26

Self-serving bias

Front 27

What is the reason why people pay closer attention to early information they receive about a person than to later information?

Back 27

The Primacy Effect

Front 28

What type of attribution do people tend to make to explain their own behavior?

Back 28

Situational attributions

Front 29

What type of attribution do people make to explain the behavior of others?

Back 29

Dispositional attribution

Front 30

What is the overall term used for the tendency for everyone to use both situational and dispositional attributions to explain their's and other's behaviors?

Back 30

Self-serving bias

Front 31

What type of attribution is being used to explain a person's good grades to her intellectual ability?

Back 31

Dispositional attribution

Front 32

What is the term for physical or geographic closeness and is a major influence on attraction?

Back 32

Proximity

Front 33

What is the term for the tendency to feel more positively toward a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to it?

Back 33

Mere-Exposure effect

Front 34

What is the term for the tendency to like the people who also like us, or who we believe like us?

Back 34

Reciprocity or reciprocal liking

Front 35

What is the most influential factor in attraction?

Back 35

physical attractiveness

Front 36

What facial expression is the most influential in people's perception?

Back 36

smiling

Front 37

What is the term for the tendency to assume that a person has generally positive or negative traits a a result of observing one major psoitive or negative trait

Back 37

Halo effect

Front 38

What is the phenomenon when people attribute additional favorable qualities to those who are attractive?

Back 38

Halo effect

Front 39

What is the term for the notion that people tend to have lovers or spouses who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other assets?

Back 39

Matching hypothesis

Front 40

List the 4 qualities that men and women generally rate as the most important in mate selection?

Back 40

1. mutual attraction/love
2. dependable character
3. emotional stability and maturity
4. pleasing disposition

Front 41

What is the term for the phenomenon that takes place when Manny Susan at the library often and begins to like her?

Back 41

Mere-Exposure effect

Front 42

What is the term for the phenomenon that takes place when Letitia assumes that because Carter is handsome, he must be popular and sociable?

Back 42

Halo Effect

Front 43

What is the term for the phenomenon that takes place when Travis and Faith are going together ad are both very attractive?

Back 43

Matching Hypothesis

Front 44

T or F
People are usually drawn to others who are similar to themselves.

Back 44

True

Front 45

Which attributes do men and women across cultures view as most important in prospective mate:
1. mutual attraction/love
2. dependable character
3. emotional stability and maturity
4. pleasing disposition
5. all of the above.

Back 45

5. all of the above

Front 46

What is the term for changing or adopting a behavior or an attitude in order to be consistent with the social norms of a group or the expectations of other people?

Back 46

Conformity

Front 47

What is the term for the attitudes and standards of behavior expected of members of a particular group?

Back 47

Social norms

Front 48

T or F
Some conformity is necessary if we are to have a society at all.

Back 48

True

Front 49

What is the term for the tendency for members of a tightly knit group to be more concerned with preserving group solidarity and uniformity than with objectively evaluating all alternatives in decision making?

Back 49

Groupthink

Front 50

What is the major weakness to groupthink?

Back 50

Individual members may hesitate to voice to any dissent.

Front 51

What is the term for acting in accordance with the wishes, suggestions or direct requests of other people?

Back 51

Compliance

Front 52

What is the term for a strategy designed to gain a favorable response to a small request at first with the intent of making the person more likely to agree later to alarger request?

Back 52

Foot-in-the-door technique

Front 53

What is the term for a strategy in which someone makes a large, unreasonable request with the expectation that the person will refuse but will then be more likely to respond to a smaller request later?

Back 53

Door-in-the-face technique

Front 54

What is the term for a strategy in which someone makes a very attractive initial offer to get a person to commit to an action and then make the terms less favorable?

Back 54

Low-Ball technique

Front 55

What strategy is being used when Chantal agrees to sign a letter supporting an increase in taxes to fund construction of new schools and later she agrees to make 100 phone calls urging people to vote for the measure?

Back 55

Foot-in-the-Door technique

Front 56

What strategy is being used when Bart refuses a phone request for a $20 donation but agrees to give $5?

Back 56

Door-in-the-face technique

Front 57

What strategy is being used when Hue agrees to babysit for her next-door neighbors and is then informed that their 3 nephews will be there, too?

Back 57

Low-ball technique

Front 58

What percentage of participants in the original Asch study never conformed to the majority's unanimous incorrect response in his experiments on conformity

Back 58

25%

Front 59

What percentage of the participants in Milgram's original obedience experiment administered what they thought was the maximum 450-volt shock(study at the beginning of chapter)?

Back 59

65%

Front 60

What phenomenon occurs when members of a group are more concerned with preserving group solidarity than with evaluating all possible alternative in making a decision?

Back 60

Groupthink

Front 61

T or F
Individual performance can be either helped or hindered by the mere physical presence of others.

Back 61

True

Front 62

What is the term for any positive or negative effect on performance that con be attributed to presence of others, either as an audience or as co-actors?

Back 62

Social facilitation

Front 63

What is the term for the impact of passive spectators on performance by individual?

Back 63

Audience effects

Front 64

What is the term for the impact on performance by the presence of other people engaged in the same task?

Back 64

Co-action effect

Front 65

Name the 2 effects that can influence performance that is attributed to the presence of others?

Back 65

1. audience effect
2. co-action effect

Front 66

What is the term for the tendency to put forth less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone?

Back 66

Social loafing

Front 67

In what culture is social loafing more prevalent?

Back 67

individualistic Western cultures such as the US

Front 68

What is the term for socially defined behaviors considered appropriate for individuals occupying certain positions within a given group?

Back 68

Social roles

Front 69

What leads to improved performance on easy tasks and poorer performance on more difficult tasks?

Back 69

Social facilitation

Front 70

When is social loafing more likely to occur?

Back 70

When individual output cannot be indentified

Front 71

What is the term for a relatively stable evaluation of a person, object, situation, or issue, along a continuum ranging from positive to negative?

Back 71

Attitude

Front 72

List the 3 components that most attitudes have:

Back 72

1. cognitive component
2. emotional component
3. behavioral component

Front 73

What is the term for the component of an attitude that is based on thoughts and beliefs about the attitudinal object?

Back 73

Cognitive component

Front 74

What is the term for the component of an attitude that is based on feelings toward the attitudinal object?

Back 74

Emotional component

Front 75

What is the term for the component of an attitude that is based on the predisposition to act toward the attitudinal object?

Back 75

Behavioral component

Front 76

What is the term for the unpleasant state that can occur when people become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior?

Back 76

Cognitive dissonance

Front 77

What source do psychologists believe cognitive dissonance arises from?

Back 77

The desire to maintain self-esteem

Front 78

How do people try to reduce cognitive dissonance?

Back 78

1. changing the behavior
2. changing the attitude
3. explaining away the inconsistency
4. minimizing the importance

Front 79

What is the term for the deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes and/or behavior of another person?

Back 79

Persuasion

Front 80

What are the 4 elements of persuasion;

Back 80

1. source of the communication
2. audience
3. the message
4. the medium/ how the message is being sent

Front 81

Name the 2 traits that credible communicators have:

Back 81

1. expertise
2. trustworthiness

Front 82

T or F
A one-sided message is usually most persuasive if the audience is not well informed on the issue, is not highly intelligent, or already agrees with the point of view.

Back 82

True

Front 83

What is the term used to describe a message where both sides of an issue are mentioned?

Back 83

2-sided message

Front 84

T or F
A 2-sided message works est when the audience is well informed on the issue, is fairly intelligent, or is initially opposed to the point of view.

Back 84

True

Front 85

T or F
A 2-sided appeal will usually sway more people than will a 1-sided message.

Back 85

True

Front 86

What kinds of appeals are most effective when the presentation outlines definite actions the audience can take to avoid the feared outcome?

Back 86

Appeals based on fear

Front 87

What are the 3 components of attitudes:

Back 87

1. cognitive
2. emotional
3. behavioral

Front 88

What can be reduced by changing an attitude?

Back 88

Cognitive dissonance

Front 89

List the 2 traits that relate most directly to a communicator's credibilty?

Back 89

1. expertise
2. trustworthiness

Front 90

What kind of messages are more persuasive with a well-informed audience?

Back 90

2-sided messages

Front 91

What is the term for the type of behavior that benefits others, such as helping cooperation, and sympathy?

Back 91

Prosocial behavior

Front 92

What is the term for the type of behavior that is aimed at helping another, requires some self-sacrifice, and is not performed for personal gain?

Back 92

Altruism

Front 93

What is the term for the socail factor that affects prosocial behavior?

Back 93

Bystander effect

Front 94

T or F
As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, the probability that the victim will receive help decreases?

Back 94

Bystander effect

Front 95

What is the term for the feeling among bystanders at an emergency that the responsibility for helping is shared by the group, making each person feel less compelled to act than if he or she alone bore the total responsibility?

Back 95

Diffusion of responsibility

Front 96

What is the term for cultural standards for helping others?

Back 96

Responsibility norms

Front 97

What is the term for the intentional infliction of physical or psychological harm on others/

Back 97

Aggression

Front 98

List the 5 possible biological causes of aggression:

Back 98

1. heredity
2. low arousal level of autonomic nervous system
3. high testosterone level
4. neurological disorders, ex. brain tumors
5. alcohol abuse

Front 99

What is the term for the hypothesis that frustration produces aggression?

Back 99

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Front 100

What is the term for displacing aggression onto members of minority groups or other innocent targets not responsible for the frustrating situation?

Back 100

Scapegoating

Front 101

What is the term for an area surrounding each person, much like an invisible bubble that the person considers part of himself or herself and uses to regulate the level of intimacy with others?

Back 101

Personal space

Front 102

What is the term for the subjective judgment that there are to many people in a confined space?

Back 102

Crowding

Front 103

What is the term for any kind of sexual contact in which one or more participants are either unable to give consent or are forced into participation?

Back 103

Sexual aggression

Front 104

List 4 types of sexual aggression

Back 104

1. sexual assault
2. rape
3. date/acquaintance rape
4. sexual abuse

Front 105

What is the term for the type of sexual aggression that is the forcing or coercing another person into engaging in any kind of sexual activity?

Back 105

Sexual assault

Front 106

What is the term for the type of sexual aggression that is sexual assault that includes penetration?

Back 106

Rape

Front 107

What is the term for the type of sexual aggression that is rape that occurs in the context of a social relationship?

Back 107

Date/acquaintance rape

Front 108

What is the term for the type of sexual aggression that is sexual assault directed toward a vulnerable individual(child or elderly)

Back 108

Sexual abuse

Front 109

T or F
Women are far more likely than men to be victimized by sexual aggression

Back 109

True

Front 110

What is the term for a person who prefers children for sexual partners?

Back 110

Pedophilia

Front 111

What theory of aggression claims that aggressive behavior is learned from models?

Back 111

social learning

Front 112

What kind of hypothesis would explain the kind of aggression that might occur after a person has been stuck in a traffic jam for several hours?

Back 112

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Front 113

What is the term that would describe a child who is angry at his parents responds by acting aggressive toward a younger sibling?

Back 113

Scapegoating

Front 114

T or F
Males are more likely than females to respond aggressively to crowding.

Back 114

True

Front 115

What is the term for attitudes toward others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group?

Back 115

Prejudice

Front 116

T or F
Prejudice usually involves negative attitudes.

Back 116

True

Front 117

What is the term for behavior that is directed toward others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group

Back 117

Discrimination

Front 118

T or F
Prejudice is an attitude;
Discrimination is a behavior.

Back 118

True

Front 119

What is the term for the view that as competition increases among social groups for scarce resources, so do prejudice, discrimination, and hatred.

Back 119

Realistic Conflict Theory

Front 120

What is the term for a social group with a strong sense of togetherness, from which others are excluded?

Back 120

In-group

Front 121

What is the term for a social group made up of individuals specifically identified by the in-group as not belonging?

Back 121

Out-group

Front 122

What is the term for the mental processes that people use to notice interpret, and remember information about the social world?

Back 122

Social cognition

Front 123

What is the term for widely shared beliefs about the characteristic traits, attitudes, and behaviors of member of various social groups including the assumption that the members of such groups are usually all alike?

Back 123

stereotypes

Front 124

What is the term for the tendency to look at situations from one's own racial or cultural perspective

Back 124

Ethnocentrism

Front 125

Describe the situation:
Darlene thinks all Whites are racists.

Back 125

stereotypic thinking

Front 126

Describe the situation:
Betty's salary is %5,000 less than that of her male counterparts.

Back 126

Discrimination

Front 127

Describe the situation:
Bell doesn't like police officers.

Back 127

Prejudice

Front 128

T or F
Members of an in-group usually dislike people in an out-group

Back 128

True

Front 129

T or F
The Social-cognitive theory suggests that prejudice develops and is maintained through modeling and reinforcement,

Back 129

True

Front 130

What 2 ways do people negatively try to bolster one's self-image by disparaging others?

Back 130

1. prejudice
2. discrimination