Psych 1300- Ch. 7

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

is the process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in future behavior.

Front 2

Behaviorism

Back 2

is a method of studying learning in which the researcher focuses solely on directly observable responses and discards any references to inner thoughts, feelings, and motives.

Front 3

Learning-performance distinction

Back 3

is the difference between what a person learns and its application on that particular day

Front 4

Conditioning

Back 4

is a process of learning associations in which an implicit memory forms because of repeated exposure to a certain stimulus.

Front 5

Extinction

Back 5

is the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is taken away.

Front 6

Spontaneous recovery

Back 6

is a reoccurrence of a learned behavior after extinction

Front 7

Generalization

Back 7

is a process in which a learner reacts to a particular object or situation in the same way that he or she reacts to one that resembles that object or situation

Front 8

Stimulus discrimination

Back 8

is a process in which a learner is trained to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli.

Front 9

Discriminative stimulus

Back 9

is a cue signaling that a particular response will be positively reinforced

Front 10

Cognitive map

Back 10

is a mental representation of an environment

Front 11

Intrinsically motivated

Back 11

means “characterized by the desire to do things because they are interesting, challenging, satisfying, or enjoyable”.

Front 12

Extrinsic motivation

Back 12

is the desire to complete a behavior because it will lead to a reward or avoid punishment

Front 13

Overjustification

Back 13

describes the undermining of intrinsic motivation through excessive rewards.

Front 14

Classical conditioning

Back 14

is a phenomenon in which two stimuli are associated, thus creating a reflex response

Front 15

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Back 15

is an original, unlearned stimulus that elicits a certain reflex action.

Front 16

Unconditioned response (UR)

Back 16

is a reflex action elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 17

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 17

is an event that is repeatedly paired with a particular unconditioned stimulus.

Front 18

Conditioned response (CR)

Back 18

is a learned reaction triggered by a conditioned stimulus, even in the absence of an associated unconditioned stimulus.

Front 19

Delayed conditioning

Back 19

is a type of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus, and the termination of the conditioned stimulus is delayed until the unconditioned stimulus is made available.

Front 20

Trace conditioning

Back 20

is a type of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is discontinued before the unconditioned stimulus is presented.

Front 21

Simultaneous conditioning

Back 21

is a type of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time.

Front 22

Backward conditioning

Back 22

is a type of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is presented after the unconditioned stimulus.

Front 23

Second-order conditioning

Back 23

is a type of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus.

Front 24

Operant conditioning

Back 24

is a type of learning in which organisms associate their actions with consequences.

Front 25

Operant behavior

Back 25

consists of responses that an organism makes to produce an effect on the environment

Front 26

Reinforcement

Back 26

describes an act that causes a response to be more likely to recur.

Front 27

Law of effect

Back 27

states that if a response produces a satisfying effect, it is likely to occur again

Front 28

Three-term contingency

Back 28

is a three-part process in which organisms learn that in the presence of certain stimuli, their behavior is likely to have a particular effect on the environment; the three parts are the discriminative stimulus, the operant response, and the reinforcer/punisher.

Front 29

Operant response

Back 29

is an act that causes a particular effect on the environment.

Front 30

Reinforcer/punisher

Back 30

is a positive or negative consequence caused by an operant response