Psych 127

Front 1

Experience-expectant Neural placticity

Back 1

Synaptic overproduction and pruning with specific experience (also associated with "imprinting" in birds

Front 2

Experience-dependent neural plasticity

Back 2

Growth of dendrites and/or increase in spine density

Front 3

Synaptic Overproduction

Back 3

Overproduction of spines

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Synaptogenesis

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Formation of new synapses

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Primary dendritic brances

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1st and 2nd order dendritic branches spouting from soma

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Neural Plasticity

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Flexible changes in neural function with experience

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Phosphorylation of ion channels

Back 7

closing ion channels by adding phosphate group

Front 8

Sensitization

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Using shock to cause excitatory changes in behavior or neural function

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Emergent property

Back 9

relational aspects of neural activity yielding coherent information

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Cell assemby

Back 10

grouping of different types of adjacent neurons into a single functional unit

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Neuron structure

Back 11

Know Soma, dendritic processes(receptive surface), dendritic spines, axon, acon terminals

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Varicosities

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Structural bulge or swelling

1.) Axonal = synaptic terminal
2.) Dendrite = swelling and pinching dendritic cable that occurs in old age or brain disease

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Rausch and Scheich

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Neurobiological research on plasticity of mynah bird sound copying

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Open Programs

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Plasticity shaped by experience

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Close programs

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Loss of plasticity with experience or innately rigid perceptual and behavior systems

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Ontogeny

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Development (life history)

Front 17

Phylogency

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Evolutionarily history of species or taxa

Front 18

Eric Kandel

Back 18

Aplysia (marine snail research)

Includes:
Facilitator interneuron
Conjoint Synapses (facilitator interneuron synapsing on sensory neuron axon terminal)
Siphon (extension and and retraction)
Motor Neurons
Mantle
Tactile Neurons projecting to motor neurons
Paired and unpaired CS-US traning

Front 19

Daniel Alkon

Back 19

Hermissenda (marine snail) research

Includes:
Statocyst = sensory neurons that detect water turbulence and centrifugal force
Positive phototaxis - snail approaches light
A sensory neuron in eye = excitatory neuron which drives positive phototaxis. A-cell is inhibited by B cell causing suppression of positive phototaxis
B Sensory neuron in eye - inhibitory neuron with plasticity (growth of inhibitory synapse and/or increased axon excitability with experience.

Experience of turbulence and light increase B cell inhibition of A cell, protecting snail from being crushed by stormy (foamy) waves near the shore

Front 20

Postsynaptic

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(receptive surface of dendrites and includes spines and soma) Axons can have receptive surfaces if terminals from other neurons make synapses on them

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Presynaptice

Back 21

beginning of active membrane on axons extending to axon terminals

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Synaptic Conductance

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Chemically mediated channel opening, such as AMPA channels

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Calcium ion

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Mediated or Ca2+ dependent enzymatic changes in ion-channel conductances (closing K+ channels via phosphorylation relevant to Hermissenda snail)

Front 24

Input resistance

Back 24

= Input conductance. HIgher input resistance due to small neurons or small diameter branches and especially long narrow spine stems drive the membrane voltage from negative to positive towards the reversal potential. Lowever input resistance due to large diameter dendrites or, with slightly lower input resistances, synaptic conductance on large spine heads cause less increase in the local membrane potential

Front 25

Charge transfer (electrontonic condustance)

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Membrane voltage at one point location (spine head, dendrite or axon) dissipating to other locations

transfer of charge from spine head to parent dendrite through spine stem or drop in membrane potential from one dendritic segment to another, or drop in membrane potential along passive membrane part of axons

Front 26

Reversal potential

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Either positive during excitatory change in membrane potential in which ion influx is equilibrated (balances inside and outside membrane) or inhibitory membrance change Cl- entering membrane stops at equalibrium
- Reversal potential limits membrane potential to a set maximum for active or passive membrane

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Neuronal inhibition

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Caused by inhibitory synapses (GABA neurotransmitter) with influx of Cl- entering the membrane, lowering membrance charge from positive to negative potential (extreme inhibition: hyperpolarization = -85 mV reversal potential)

Front 28

Axon Firing

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Action potential or neuronal spike in wich voltage rises from resting potential (-65 mV) toward -45 mV, causing voltage-dependent sodium, calsium and potassium ions channels to open. An action potential is a rapid rise time in membrane potential, peaking at the reversal potential and than falling suddenly due to delayed potassium channel opening and ion influx

Front 29

Exocytosis

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release of spherical membrane contents (e.g. Synaptic vesicle with neurotransmitters) to outside of cell wall

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Endocytosis

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Production of a vesicle that captures chemical contents outside cell and transfer it inside cell (e.g. - recycling or newly released neurotransmitter)

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Lesions (brain)

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damage to tissue induced by stoke, brain disease, or mechanical damage (knife or chemicals killing neurons)

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Hierarchical property

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Levels or organizations (large-scale neuron integration down to synaptic conductance)

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Spine density

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Number of dendritic spines in a given distance of dendrite

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Postsynaptic density

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Thick composite of various proteins with chemical-dependent ion channels, nonNMDA channels and NMDA channels

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Stochastic aspect of neurontransmitter release

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Statistical likelihood that a synaptic vesicle actually releases neurotrasmitter during a depolarizing pulse at the axon terminal . Not every action potential causes neurotransmitter release at a specific synaptic site

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Posttentanic potentiation

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Short-term movement of vesicles containing neurotransmitter toward the presynaptic vesicle release site following tentanizing (repeated burst of electrical stimulation) causing action of a series of action potentials. This changes the statistical likelihood of neurotransmitte release

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Long-term potentiation

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Long-term changes in synaptic condustance following tentanizing action

Front 38

Population spike

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Number of neurons actually producing action potentials in a localize region

Front 39

Tentanizing pulse

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artifical electrode stimulation of axon producing a train of axon spikes

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Test pulse

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Single electrode pulse causing a single wave of depolarization traveling towards neurons causing some to fire action potenttials

Front 41

Actin Filament

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Cytoskeletal filaments inside neurons, especially dendritic spines that can be rapidly disassembled and reassembled by Ca2+ sensitive enzymatic processes follwing Ca2+ influx

Front 42

Profilin

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Protein that binds to actin filaments hours after spine activation, stabilizing the new arrangement of actin filaments that maintain spine head enlargement. By polymerizing actin, profilin essentially glues the new actin filament arrangement into a stable lattice that maintains spine shape