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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Perception
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Interpretation of information collected by sensations
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Sensation
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Building blocks of an experience (pattern of light and dark, bitter taste, change in temperature)
Detection |
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Brightness
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Changes with light intensity; as the intensity of light increases, so does its perceived brightness
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Path of Light as it Enters Eye
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Travels through cornea and pupil, then the lens
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Fovea
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"central pit" area in the retina where the cones are located
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Optic Nerve
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Send neural messages to the brain
Contains roughly 1 million axons to form a visual transmission cable Splits at optic chiasm; info from right visual field goes to left hemisphere; vice versa |
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Iris
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Surface of eye surrounding pupil; contains muscles that make pupil dilate or constrict (regulates light that enters eye); gives eye color
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Lens
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Sits behind pupil; light directed from pupil to lens; part of focusing process (along with cornea)
Helps focus light to the back of the eye |
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Rods
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Receptor cells in retina; located mainly around sides
Roughly 120 millions rods Long and thin; more sensitive to light (make them useful at night) |
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Cones
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Receptor cells in retina; concentrated in center of retina (fovea)
Roughly 6 million cones Need high levels of light to operate efficiently Used for processing fine detail (visual acuity) and color |
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Ganglion Cells
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Receives input from other cells; responds only to a particular pattern of light shined across retina (receptive field)
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Bipolar Cells
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Neural impulse passed to bipolar cells from rods and cones - feed information to ganglion cells
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Dark Adaptation
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Eyes adjust to dim light in 20 to 25 minutes
Caused by regeneration process in rods and cones Photopigments must be regenerated by cells |
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Feature Detectors
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Located in visual cortex
Respond best to very specific visual events, such as patterns of light and dark, corners, moving bars, bars of specific size Some respond specifically to faces |
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Hubel and Wiesel
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Provided clues of how brain sees images provided by our eyes
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Prosopagnosia
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Inability to recognize faces
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Opponent Process Theory
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Perceive colors in a system of paired opposites, not in terms of separate categories
ex. people cannot perceive a bluish-yellow color because they are complements -- one is activated, the other is not ex. after staring at yellow for a while, the negative-activated blue will appear |
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Trichromatic Theory
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3 types of cones in retina (blue, green, red) each that is sensitive to one range of wavelength
Color if sensed by comparing the level of activation of each type of receptor Certain level of wavelength activate certain cones, causing color (mixed colors require activation of more than one cone) Certain color blindness cause by wrong photopigment in cone |
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Retinex Theory
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Color constancy - tendency of an object to appear nearly the same color even though we see it in a variety of lighting conditions
We perceive color because the cerebral cortex compares various retinal patterns |
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Gestalt Laws
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Proximity - elements that are close to each other seem to be a part of the same object
Similarity - items sharing physical properties are put into the same set Closure - Figures with gaps or small amounts of border missing are perceived as complete Good Continuation - Lines that are interrupted are seen as continuously flowing Common fate - things moving in the same direction are seen as a group |
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Bottom Up Processing
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Starts with physical message and is delivered to senses
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Top Down Processing
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Controlled by one's belief or expectations about the world - controls what we see and how we see the world organized
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Convergence
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Binocular cue for depth in which the two eyes move inward; the closer an object is to the face, the more the two eyes move inward (converge) to see the object
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Linear Perspective
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Often used to depict depth in paintings
ex. parallel lines receding into distance tend to come from a single point; the farther away the two lines are, the closer together the lines will appear to be ex. far away objects tend to look blurry and bluish example of monocular depth cue |
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Retinal Disparity
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Difference between locations of images in the two eyes
The farther away the object from fixation point, the greater the difference in locations seems in the two retinas Binocular Depth Cue |
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phi phenomenon
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Illusion of motion when stationary lights are flashed in succession
ex. movies are nothing by stilled pictures presented in succession |
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Muller-Lyer illusion
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Lines appear different lengths; circles appear different sizes
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Frequency of Sound
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Determines pitch
How fast stimulus vibrates |
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Amplitude of Sound
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Experience as loudness
Intensity of vibration Measured in decibels |
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Optical Illusions
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Caused by the brain using other cues from environment to depict a picture
Wrong interpretations of physical reality based on expectations of environment |
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Place Theory
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Pitch of sound determined by which hair cells of basilar membrane are responding actively
ex. hair cells near oval window lead to high pitched sound |
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Gate Control Theory
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Neural impulses generated by pain receptors can be blocked, or gated, in spinal cord by signals produced in the brain
ex. if you cut your finger, it hurts, but if there's a risk for a fire in the kitchen, the pain goes away in order for you to prevent house from burning down large fibers close the gate, small fibers open it |
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Endorphins
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Produce pain-killing effects
ex. swallowing a sugar pill can sometimes reduce pain, but there's no medical reason why it does |
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consciousness
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Subjective awareness of internal and external events
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Attention
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Internal processes that set priorities for mental functioning
Brain uses it to focus selectively on certain parts of environment and ignore others |
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Cocktail Party Effect
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Ability to focus on one auditory message and ignore others
Also refers to when your name suddenly appears in an auditory message that you've been actively ignoring ex. listening to someone talk to you at a noisy party |
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Strayer and Johnston - Cell Phone Use and Driving
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People talking on cell phone are more likely to miss a red light, or are slower to respond to hitting their brakes
Same results whether phone was hand held or hand free |
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Visual Neglect
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Tendency to ignore things on one side of the body (usually left)
Caused by damage to right parietal lobe |
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circadian rhythm
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Biological activities that rise and fall in a 24 hour cycle
Sleep, waking daily, blood pressure, etc. |
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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located in hypothalamus; controls circadian rhythms
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Stages of Sleep
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Stage One: Theta waves appear; light sleep, person may claim to still be awake
Stage Two: Sleep spindles and K complexes appear; person definitely asleep, but may respond to externalities (noise) - activate spindles and k complexes; still not consciously aware of the environment Stage 3 and 4: delta activity; very deep sleep; nonresponsive to most stimuli and slow awakening; slow wave sleep |
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Paradoxical Sleep
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REM Sleep
Electrical activity of brain resemples "awake" pattern, yet you are asleep; brain extremely active When awakened, you are instantly alert Likely to remember dream when awakened from REM sleep |
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Typical Sleep Cycle
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Cycle through various stages 4 or 5 times
Each cycle takes about 90 minutes During first cycle, majority of time is spent in stages 3 and 4 REM sleep dominates later cycles ; amount of time in REM increases Most dreams appear at end of sleep period, and these you most likely will remember |
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Stanford 14 hours-in-bed study
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Continuous oberservation on human sleep and wakefulness; 14 hours in bed in the dark, 10 hours in the light out of bed
Studying sleep loss Showed we need 8 hours of sleep |
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Sleep Debt
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Cumulative daily hours of sleep less than the mean amount needed daily
all lost sleep is debt can only be reduced by getting extra sleep can accumulate rapidly or gradually |
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Survival Theory of Sleep
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Stops us from going out when low light puts us at risk for predators
Sleep increases chance of survival Receives some support from observations of sleep patterns in animals |
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Repair and Restoration Theory of Sleep
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Sleep restores and repairs the body and brain
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24 hours of being awake = ____BAL
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.19
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Possible effects of prolonged sleep deprivation
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slurred speech
loss in mental abilities paranoia and hallucinations |
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REM rebound
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loss of REM tends to be made up the next night
reason why researchers believe REM serves some important purpose plays a role in strengthening certain memories |
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Manifest Content of Dreams
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Freud
Surface content of dreams; no hidden meaning; actual symbols |
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Latent Content of Dreams
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Freud
Hidden message of dreams; represented only in symbols, too disturbing to think of consciously |
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activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreams
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Hobson and McCarley
Brain's attempt to make sense of the random patterns of activity during sleep explains bizarre dream imagery, because activated signals that produce dreams are so random (buzzing, snoring, etc.) |
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Insomnia
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Difficulty starting or maintaining sleep, lasting for at least a month (15-30% of population)
caused by stress, emotional problems, alcohol and drug use, etc. Can also be learned ex. children who are used to falling asleep with their parents have trouble getting back to sleep |
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narcolepsy
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Sudden extreme sleepiness
Enters direct REM state |
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Sleep Apnea
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Causes hypersomnia (excessive sleepiness)
sleeper repeatedly stops breathing during the night, usually up to a minute or so at a time usually end with person waking up gasping for air found in less than 5% of population |
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Nightmare
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Parasomnia
frightening dreams that occur primarily during REM |
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Night Terror
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Sleeper awakens suddenly in an extreme state of panic - happens mostly in children
Decrease with age Happen during non REM sleep |
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Drug Tolerance
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Body adapts to compensate for continued use
increasing amounts are needed for the same effects |
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Drug Dependence
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Individual experiences physical of psychological need for a drug
Often linked to development of tolerance Leads to withdrawls |
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Drug Withdrawals
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Physical reactions that occur when person stops taking certain drug after continued use
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Neurotransmitter increased with alcohol consumption
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GABA and dopamine
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Classes of Drugs
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Depressants -- enhance GABA and dopamine; produce pleasurable feelings or relaxation, but at high doses memory and concentration impaired
Stimulants -- Increase alertness, elevate mood, and produce physical changes such as increase heart and respiration rate Opiates -- Depress nervous system activity; reduce anxiety, mood elevation, and lower sensitivity to pain; strong dependence Hallucinogens -- produce variaions in sensation and perception; blending or heightened awareness of normal sensations; negative effects include anxiety, fearfulness, and panic |
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"the best thing life has to offer is an adequate flow of dopamine at the nucleus accumbens"
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S.G. Sunderwirth
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