Psych 120 Midterm 2

Front 1

experimental philosophy

Back 1

philosophical inquiry using empirical data; asking people what their intuitions are during thought experiments

Front 2

side-effect effect/Knobe effect

Back 2

asymmetry between intentions of harm/help in CEO/environment case

Front 3

"rational scientist" view

Back 3

side-effect effect results from rational inferences about the agent's mental states; norm violation might express intent

Front 4

"intuitive scientist" view

Back 4

using folk psychology and moral reasoning instead of scientific processes

Front 5

concepts

Back 5

a mental representation that picks out a set of objects or properties; “unit of thought"

Front 6

categorization

Back 6

a set of objects or properties

Front 7

Classical View

Back 7

Necessary and Sufficient Definitions

Pros - only remember definition, easy to generalize

Cons - hard to make definitions (game), borderline cases, typicality effects

Front 8

Typicality Effects

Back 8

Some members of a category are "better" than others

Front 9

Prototype Theory

Back 9

one central member of a category, and membership is based on distance from the prototype (typicality)

Front 10

Family Resemblance Structure

Back 10

All items are similar to the prototype; Family resemblance is the group of features/characteristics that everyone has a few of, no one needs to have all

Front 11

Exemplar Theories

Back 11

like prototype theory except there are multiple expressions for exemplars; There is only the most recent examples; and things most similar to the item being classified have the greatest influence

Front 12

Similarity in prototype and exemplar theories

Back 12

Prototype – similarity to prototype is how typical it is; Exemplar - things most similar to the item being classified have the greatest influence;

Front 13

Problems with Similarity as Explanation for prototype

Back 13

Similarity depends on the context: Circle - quarter/pizza

Categorization not always based on similarity: dogs and cats; Typicality is not always based on similarity: celery/carrots

Front 14

Compositionality

Back 14

Intersection between two categories

Front 15

Pet Fish Problem

Back 15

Pet prototype = cat; Fish prototype = tuna; Pet Fish Prototype = goldfish, not cat-tuna

Front 16

Problem of Prototypical Primes

Back 16

Primes have a specific definition, but still have typicality effects;

More evidence against Classical View

Front 17

Knowledge Effects

Back 17

past experiences bias categorization

Front 18

Theory-Theory

Back 18

concept is in a network of interrelated concepts and beliefs

Front 19

Basic Level of Categorization

Back 19

Most privileged level of categorization; compromise between ability for inferences and cognitive economy

Front 20

illusory correlation

Back 20

when people perceive a correlation when there isn't one;

arthritis acting up during the weather, women's clothing on inkblot tests

Front 21

physical connection theory

Back 21

spatiotemporal path from A to B constitutes causal relationship

Front 22

counterfactual dependence theory

Back 22

presence of effects depends on presence or absence of cause, necessary and sufficient

Front 23

causal models

Back 23

a figure with events and arrows (or circles if that event was blocked)

Front 24

problem solving

Back 24

reasoning with a goal state, subgoals, and operators

Front 25

goal state

Back 25

end objective

Front 26

subgoal

Back 26

smaller tasks that help progress toward the goal

Front 27

operators

Back 27

actions that transforms the problem state into a new problem state (achieving subgoals)

Front 28

Hill Climbing

Back 28

Choosing steps that always lead toward the goal

Front 29

Means-end analysis

Back 29

Choosing steps based on what would be best to get you to the goal state

Front 30

Functional fixedness

Back 30

the difficulty problem solvers have with using a tool for something other than its usual purpose; It’s hard to think outside of how we usually frame problems and solve them.

Front 31

Einstellung Effect

Back 31

the tendency for people to use a known pattern or algorithm to solve a familiar problem (even when a simpler one exists)

Mechanization

Front 32

Psychological def'n of creativity

Back 32

the production of an idea, action or object that is novel (original) and valued (relevant, useful, appropriate)

Front 33

Folk psychology/theory of the mind

Back 33

The capacity to ascribe and reason about mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions

Front 34

Similarity depends on:

Back 34

context

Front 35

Similarity judgments may result from ____ judgements but not vice versa

Back 35

Categorization

Front 36

spatio-temporal cues for causality

Back 36

temporal order, spatial contiguity, and co-occurence

Front 37

Goals of learning for children

Back 37

predict, control, explain, learn

Front 38

counterfactual dependence

Back 38

removing the cause also removes the effect