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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1 out of ______ Americans above the age of 12 is taking an SSRI/SNRI
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9
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What percentage of psychiatric drugs are prescribed by non-specialists?
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75-80%
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What does seratonin do in the brain?
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increase anxiety, decrease give-a-damn, and stimulate social connection drive
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When we say someone is deprived of seratonin, we don't mean they have less seratonin in the brain, we actually mean....
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the seratonin circuits are less active
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Over the last 20 years, the average testosterone levels of men in the US has dropped by about _______%, which leads to...
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30%, lower sperm count & higher infertility
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What is dopamine?
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neurotransmitter that stimulates reward/pleasure circuits of brain, also regulates energy, alertness, and motivation level
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What are the receptors connected with dopamine?
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D2 receptors
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What do D2 receptors do?
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regulate how easily/intensely our reward circuits light up (lots of receptors = high on life); also show our proneness to addiction & craving
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What happens to our D2 receptors the more we use things of addiction?
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the lower our level of receptors get
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Can experience tweak out levels of D2 receptors?
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Yes!
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What do psychostimulants like Ritalin and Adderall do, and why does that help people with ADHD?
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Increase dopamine signaling rate, and it helps because it makes it more rewarding to "lock in" and focus and get things done
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What does norepinephrine do in the brain?
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Helps regulate RAS level (sensory input)
HIGHER levels of this, more INTROVERTED |
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What is amphetamine psychosis?
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losing touch with reality because of taking way too many psychostimulants
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hormone
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chemical messenger secreated into the bloodstream that crosses the blood-brain barrier; can influence behavior
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What is the most widely studied hormone regarding behavioral effects?
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testosterone!
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Men and women that show more aggression, violence, and anger tend to have higher levels of...
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testosterone!
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When do testosterone levels peak in men? When do they drop?
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peaks at 20-30, drops 50-60
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How do you raise testosterone levels?
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sleep, less alcohol, less artificial sugars, more dietary fat, exercise, competition (BUT YOU HAVE TO WIN)
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What effect does falling in love have on testosterone in men and women?
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decreases in men
increases in women |
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Are more verbally fluent people higher or lower in testosterone?
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lower
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Are people with high visual-spatial ability higher or lower in testosterone?
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higher
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When is a person's digit ratio determined?
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in utero
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What sorts of characteristics do you see in a person with a more masculine digit ratio?
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athletic ability, spatial/mechanical ability, dominant facial structure, poor school performance
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Do lesbian women tend to have a more masculine or feminine digit ratio pattern?
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masculine
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What is CAH?
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disease in babies with a way overactive adrenal gland, and babies get wayy too much testosterone; girls act like boys
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What does birth control do to levels of estrogen in the body?
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DROPS level of estrogen
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What is a drop in estrogen associated with?
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depressed mood
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When working with testosterone, what does estrogen do?
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boost competitiveness, increase sex drive
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What is oxytocin?
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"attachment hormone"; released at childbirth, increases our trust in others; increases empathy
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Socially, who do the effects of oxytocin apply to?
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ONLY the ingroup; demonizes the outgroup
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How does vasopressin differ from oxytocin?
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plays significant role in sexual attachment (monogamy) in males
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What is heritability (h)?
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proportion of variance in personality accounted for by genetic factors
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What percentage of all human genes are identical?
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99%
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What was the famous Twin Studies run, and what did it find?
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Bouchard's Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart; found VERY Strong correlation in many areas (IQ, neuroticism, religiousness, traditionalism)
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Do genes affect us only in the womb, or do they continue to affect us every moment of every day?
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EVERY MOMENT EVERY DAY
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Genes account for _____ of all variance in personality
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1/2
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In most studies, common family environment has ______ effect, and unique environment has _____ effect.
(family influence on personality) |
0 ; .3
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What did Judith Harris say about family influence on personality?
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NO family influence on personality
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What is the biggest group that has an effect from a person's unique environment?
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PEER GROUP
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Does a person's role in a family stay the same outside the family?
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NOPE
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What is the Id?
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animalistic urges (unconscious), libido and thanatos; dreams/slips/forgetting; irrational
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What is libido and thanatos?
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sex and agression within the Id
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What is the Ego?
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develops out of Id, it is your conscious that is regulating your Id and your Superego
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What is the Superego?
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internalized social norms, "should/shouldn't"
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According to Freud, what is intrapsychic (two main categories)?
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source of all mental illness;
neurosis- anxiety psychosis- lose touch with reality |
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What is the difference between Repression and Suppression?
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with Repression, you aren't consciously aware of the conflict;
with Suppression, you're consciously aware of the conflict, and choose to ignore it- HEALTHIER |
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What is Reaction Formation?
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turn unacceptable impulse into the complete opposite (kids with crushes)
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What's the difference between projection and displacement (transference)?
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Projection - put your impulse on someone else
Displacement- take your feelings towards one specific person and displace them on a different specific person |
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What's the difference between rationalization and intellectualization?
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rationalization is where the superego tells you you screwed up, and the ego makes an excuse "its okay because everybody did it"
intellectualization - take a feeling you can't deal with and turn it into a thought "it all works out in the end" |
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What is sublimation?
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HIGHEST FORM OF DEFENSE MECHANISM
consciously aware of reality, channel it into some sort of productive outlet "tortured artist" |
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What are Freud's stages of Psychosexual Development, in order?
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Oral
Anal Phallic Latent Genital |
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Which of the stages of psychosexual development did many of Freud's followers break away from him for?
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Phallic stage
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What happens if you get stuck in one of the psychosexual stages of development?
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you show symptoms of all of the following signs; for example if you're stuck in the phallic stage, you show symptoms of latent dependancy too
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What is psychoanalysis?
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technical name for Freudian psychotherapy
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What is free association?
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therapist say a word, client says the first word that comes to mind
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In psychoanalysis, when the therapist offers an interpretation, how is it originally met?
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resistance
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What are the 2 basic curative mechanisms?
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insight and catharsis (goodwill hunting)
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What does Freud say about dreams?
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"Royal Road to the Unconscious"; they speak in symbols and express the Id's wishes
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"The goal of psychoanalysis is to deliver the patient from the pain of neurosis to the more commonplace pain of......"
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everyday existence
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