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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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amygdala
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evaluates content of ideas & memories & detects if they're emotionally significant
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How many neurons doe brain have?
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86 billion neurons
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Epilepsy and what it can be controlled with?
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Electric storm activity takes over brain
Controlled w/ clonazepam |
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corpus callosum
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thick bundle of fibers/commissure where 2 hemispheres connect; 225 million axons
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right hemisphere
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controls left hand; understands language; white matter; sadder; attends to big L - global, holistic activation; artistic/free wheeling
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Experiment 1
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Patient says they saw "ring" & picks up ring w/ right hand - left hemisphere
Pick up key with left hand and is speechless - right hemisphere |
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left hemisphere
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controls right hand; speaks; gray matter; in charge/inhibits RH; happier; more attention to detail - pay attention to little D's in big L; logical
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Intermanual Conflict (Alien Hand Phenomenon)
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damage to supplementary motor; naughty left hand/RH
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Confabulation
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Experimenter sends msg to RH "walk"
Patient walks & makes up excuse that he needs a drink - LH doesn't want to seem stupid |
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Brain
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3 lb, 15-20% of oxygen/energy; 86 billion neurons
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Main functions of Brain
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1. reception of signals/receptor cells msg sent thru afferent nerves
2. Integration - interneurons 3. Reaction - efferent nerves, carries muscles/glands |
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Efferent nerves
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nerves that carry messages OUTWARD from central nervous system; control muscles
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Afferent nerves
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convey messages inward; keeps body inormed of external world & bodys internal environment
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Neurons
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-basic unit of nervous system; specialized cells that transport signals/info
-Has a nucleus, DNA, cytoplasm carries life functions, membrane |
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Nerves
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group of neural fibers
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Dendrites
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where neurons RECEIVE signal & compute
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Cell body
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contains neuron nucleus, sums signals
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Axons
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one per neuron; sends signal to others
myelin sheath - covered in insulation, 10x speed transmission to make neurons work faster Synaptic vesicles & mitochondria inside |
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Peripheral Nervous system
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Schwann cells
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Central Nervous
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glial oligodentrocytes
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myelin sheath
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covered in insulation, 10x speed transmission to make neurons work faster
at birth - unmyelinated & myelinates over years |
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Prefrontal Cortex
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last to get myelinated; involves control & isn't fully developed until 20s
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Synapse
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where 2 neurons communicate, connector between axon & dendrite
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Axon Membrane
5 Proteins? |
specialized for spikes; 5 nanometers thick; blue light: 400 mm wave; bilipid layer
5 embedded proteins: pumps, channels, receptors, enzymes, structural |
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Axon Potential
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10x more Na+ outside (resting state)
10x more K+ inside electric potential = -70 or 1/15th mv, due to imbalances; want more Na+ inside & K+ outside |
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NaK pump
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3 Na out, 2 K in
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Action Potential spike
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Begins at axonal hillock, sets off electric switch, electric current goes passively through cytoplasm in axon until it gets to nodes of Ranvier - where spike occurs
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Depolarization
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movement of electric potential TOWARD zero; Na+ rush in
ex.: goes from -10 to 0 |
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Hyperpolarization
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movement of electric potential AWAY from zero; K+ out
ex.: goes from 0 to 10 |
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What is the threshold?
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-50 mm
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Absolute refractory period
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neuron does NOT spike
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Relative refractory period/refractory period
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harder for neuron to spike but it CAN with greater effort - needs more PSP
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Max spiking rate
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-500/sec
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Synaptic Transmission exocytosis
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spike comes, triggers fusing of vesicles to presynaptic membrane, dump neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
-receptors=lock, neurotransmitter=key if neurotransmitter has exactly right shape, it'll fit into receptor/molecule will fit into other molecule |
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Monoamine
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single amino acid
catecholamine: tyrosine indolamine: tryptophan excitatory glutamate - learning & memory |
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Catecholamine
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epinephrine & norepinephrine: stress, learning memory, arousal level; sympathetic
dopamine: reward |
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Dopamine
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cocaine blocks reuptake
brain wants to maintain homeostasis & deletes receptor cells and leads to wanting cocaine if you stop too much: schizophrenia too little: Parkinson's |
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serotonin
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indolamine
too low: depression antidepressant: SRIs |
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Tourette's Syndrome
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-coprolalia (cuss)
-tics (quick movement of arms) -putamen: basal ganglia -overactive dopamine |
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OCD
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-ritualistic behavior
-caudate: basal ganglia signals to orbital frontal cortex - excessive dopamine |
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hippocampus
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establishes long term memories
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interneuron
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make "local"connections within nervous system, neither afferent/efferent; carry info from one neuron to another
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glia
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"support," provide nourishment & control nutrient supply; role in brain development - act as guide wires; increase speed of neural communication
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white matter
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myelinated axons; RH
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gray matter
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unmyelinated axons, dendrites and cell bodies; LH
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resting potential
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-70 mv
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all-or-none law
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all action potentials have same strength & speed regardless of triggering stimulus
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A neuron firing at 200% threshold intensity would ___ a neuron firing at 100% threshold intensity
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fire more frequently than
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synapse
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gap between two neurons
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neurotransmitter
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chemicals released by one neuron
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synaptic reuptake
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presynaptic neuron's process of reabsorbing its own neurotransmitters so that they can be released again the next time the neuron fires
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excitatory PSP
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more likely to fire
glutamate |
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inhibitory PSP
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less likely to fire
GABA |
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Acetylcholine
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makes muscle fibers contract
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agonist
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drugs that enhance neurotransmitter's activity
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antagonist
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drugs that impede neurotransmitter's activity
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anterior pituitary gland
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hormone secretion
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posterior pituitary gland
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prevents loss of water through kidney
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thyroid gland
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affects metabolic rate
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islet cells in pancreas
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affects utilization of glucose
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adrenal cortex gland
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effects on metabolism, immunity, stress, sexual behavior
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adrenal medulla gland
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increases sugar output of liver, stimulates internal organs
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ovaries
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Estrogen produces female sex characteristics
Progesterone prepares uterus for embryo implantation |
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testes
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male characteristics, sexual arousal
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aphasia
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disruption of language use caused by brain damage
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EEG
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records brain's electrical activity by putting electrodes on scalp
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CT (computerized tomography) scan
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composite of x-ray images taken from different angles of brain structure
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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
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magnetic pulses on brain tissue molecules assembled into picture; safer than CT
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PET (positron emission tomography) scan
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observe amount of metabolic activity in brain regions to examine brain functions; injected w/ radioisotope
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fMRI
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also examines brain function by measuring blood flow & oxygen
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CNS (cental)
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brain and spinal cord
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PNS (peripheral)
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afferent and efferent nerves
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SNS (somatic)
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part of PNS that controls skeletal muscles & transmits sensory info
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ANS (autonomic)
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receives info & controls internal organs
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sympathetic branch
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part of ANS that prepares for vigorous action/physical exertion
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parasympathetic branch
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part of ANS that restores body's internal activities to nromal
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brain stem
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top of spinal cord that includes medulla & pons
medulla - breathing & blood circulation; maintain balance pons - attentiveness; timing of sleep & breathing |
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cerebellum
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controls muscular coordination & equilibrium
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cerebral cortex
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outermost layer of forebrain
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frontal lobe
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area at front of cerebral hemisphere; plans & controls thoughts & behavior
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parietal lobe
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between frontal & occipital; receives info from skin senses
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temporal lobe
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lies below the temples; hearing & language use
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occipital lobe
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rearmost area; process visual info
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hypothalamus
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control motivated behaviors - eating, drinking, sexual activity
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limbic system
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emotion, motivation, learning & memory
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hippocampus
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temporal lobe - learning & forming new memories
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apraxias
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disturbance in carrying out voluntary movements
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visual agnosia
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inability to recognize visual stimulus despite ability to see it and describe it
ex.: describe fork as "points on top of stick" but cannot name it, but once he touches it, he can identify |
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neglect syndrome
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right parietal lobe lesions that leave patient unaware of left stimuli
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aphasias
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disruption of speech comprehension
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brain plasticity
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alter brain structure and function
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