Psych 111 - Human Development

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Developmental Psychology

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aspects of lifespan development from conception through death. Identifies differences cross culturally. Explores physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development

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Cephalocaudal

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physical development from head to foot

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Proximodistal

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physical development from center moving outward

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Germinal Phase

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timeframe from conception through 2 weeks

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Zygote

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A fertilized egg, unicellular

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Placenta

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structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into fetus from mothers blood stream. Allows for passage of waste.

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Embryonic Stage

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The prenatal developmental stage from 2-8 weeks where the head, face, and neck develop. Major organs and digestive track begin to differentiate. Heartbeat begins.

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The size of the head in the embryonic stage is

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½ of the embryo’s size

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Fetal Stage

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8th week through birth

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3rd Month

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digestive functioning, tooth buds, sex organs rapidly grow. Arms/fingers begin to move

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4th Month

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Face begins to look human. Lower body outgrows head and the bones are defined

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5th Month

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fingernails and toenails appear

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Lanugo

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5th month feature: fine wooly hair covering body

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Vernix

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5th month feature: waxy coating collects over body

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6th Month

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eyebrows/lashes become well defined. Eyes completely formed

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7th Month

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Fetus is capable of life outside uterus

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Age of Viability

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most things have been developed, age at which fetus could live outside uterus. Has gotten younger as technology has advanced.

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8th/9th Month

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-Fat is deposited -fingernails grow beyond tip -lanugo is shed -mylenation of brain takes place -organs increase functioning -vernix covers body

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Teratogens

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-harmful toxins that affect development -result in defects

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Dose

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How much teratogen? Fifth of vodka or glass of champagne

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Basic Heredity

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some fetuses are more vulnerable than others

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Age of Exposure

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at what time teratogen during pregnancy makes a difference

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Multiply determined

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stress, nutrition, lack of good care -things are multifactorial

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Thalidomide

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drug for morning sickness that ended up being a teratogen

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Stress

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linked with premature birth and low birth weight

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Smoking

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-increases fetal activity -low birth weight -SIDS increased

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Marijuana

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-low birth weight -disturbed sleep -reduced attention to environment

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Heroin

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-premature birth -low birth weight -tremors -poor sucking ability -SIDS increased

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Cocaine

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-crack babies –premature birth –low birth weight/size –tremors –high pitched crying –respiratory issues –rigidity –withdrawal symptoms from birth

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Comorobidity

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poly substance abuse

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Alcohol

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leading teratogen in USA

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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FAS

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Physical Symptoms (FAS)

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-growth/retardation –head/facial abnormalities –mircrocephaly (small head) –skeletal/brain/heart damage

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Behavioral Symptoms (FAS)

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-poor impulse control –poor attention span –cognitive deficits

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Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE)

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some symptoms of FAS but not as severe

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Toxins in Workplace

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may be also impacted by teratogenic influences

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Sperm

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90 day rule for sperm to regenerate, not as important with respect to teratogenic influences

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Vision

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-intact/functioning -7 to 9 inches –preference for human faces

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Hearing

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-Fetus can pick up on sounds in utero –babies turn differentially to mothers voice

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Taste/Smell

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-present at birth –preference for sweet –love smell of bananas and chocolate

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Touch

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-all heat/cold/pressure/pain present at birth –didn’t used to think that they could feel as well (gave them less painkillers)

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Reflexes

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inborn, automatic response to particular form of stimulation

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Rooting Reflex

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-stroke cheek  baby turns toward stroke –for sucking nipple

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Stepping Reflex

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-basis for complex motor skills –with bare feet touching floor child will mimic stepping response –disappears around 2 months

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Moro Reflex

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-startling reflex –spreads out arms –cries or screams – evaluates integration of central nervous system

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Sucking Reflex

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Place a finger in mouth then baby will suck it

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Eyeblink Reflex

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shine bright light or clap  baby will close eyelids

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Babinski Reflex

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tickle foot and toes fan out and curl in

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Age 2/3 Gross Motor Skills

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-walk rhythmically –jump –hop –push riding toy with feet

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Age 2/3 Gross Fine Skills

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-Remove simple clothing items –start to use silverware

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Age 3/4 Gross Motor Skills

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-walk upstairs with alternating feet –catches ball in chest – rides a tricycle

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Age 3/4 Fine Motor Skills

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-buttons –scissors –copying lines/circles –tadpole person

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Age 4/5 Gross Motor Skills

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- walk downstairs alternating feet –run smoothly –catches ball with hands –rapid/smooth steering

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Age 4/5 Fine Motor Skills

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-mastery with forks –cuts with scissors on line -copies triangles –copies letters

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Ages5/6 Gross Motor Skills

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-increases running speed –true skipping –ride bicycle

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Age 5/6 Fine Motor Skills

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-uses knife to cut food –tie shoes – draw 6 part person –copies words/#

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Kids are getting worse at tying shoes

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Velcro and parents lack of interest