Psych 111

Front 1

1. Compared with other animal languages, only human language is found to be what?

Back 1

HUMAN LANGUAGE IS PRODUCTIVE and original! We can come up with different thoughts and ideas. Tied w/thinking

Front 2

2. The term language acquisition device is associated with whom?

Back 2

Naum Chomsky

Front 3

3. Brouqas area is ________ while wernicke’s is _________

Back 3

• Broca’s → left frontal, resp for vocal and sign language, production of patterns, understanding grammar (can’t speak/form sentences)
• Wenicke’s back temporal der. Comprehenstion of speech can name objects. (can’t understand anything anyone says.

Front 4

4. Stages of language development

Back 4

Children learn language at a rapid rate.
Children make few errors while learning to speak (even their errors follow grammatical rules).
Children’s passive mastery of language (comprehension) develops faster than their active mastery (production).

Infants up to 6 mos. of age can distinguish among all the sounds in all human languages.
Infants can distinguish among speech sounds but cannot reliably produce them.
Babies must hear their own babbling for speech to continue.

Front 5

5. What is the “word superiority effect”?

Back 5

People are better at recognizing letters when parts of the words are left alone. People id letter better when part of a word. Words are superior. Put letter in word easier for letter to be ID. “F” vs. “F”rog

Front 6

6. Which of the following is false about speed reading?

Back 6

Speed reading works. People can double/triple their reading speed and retain same comprehension. If know going to be tested on it, slow down in their reading speed. Can’t test. If tested they know to slow down to increase comprehension.

Front 7

7. Why were intelligence tests first developed?

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19th century Alfred Binet and Theordore Simon made first intelligence tests to indetify school children who needed remedial education. Commissioned by France. Later used to test immigrant and military leaders

Front 8

8. Which of the following is a problem with the construct of intelligence?

Back 8

Some of the terms we use to describe take intelligence to understand. Hypothetical, can’t measure directly. Do people learn from experience? Terms used to define are just as difficult to understand.

Front 9

10. Which of the following is a criticism of Gardener’s theory of intelligence?

Back 9

• Very little research to back it up

Front 10

11. Who developed the first IQ test?

Back 10

In 1905 the French psychologist Alfred Binet published the first modern intelligence test, the Binet-Simon intelligence scale.

Front 11

12. What is the average IQ score and standard deviation for the wafi’ IV?

Back 11

100. Standard deviation 15 points.

Front 12

13. What is the Flynn effect?

Back 12

IQs are going up. They are going up every year. Every generation goes up standard generation. Ave intelligence test increase by 3%. Every year.

Front 13

14. Which children tend to have the highest correlated IQ scores?

Back 13

Monozygotic twins

Front 14

Spearman

Back 14

used factor analysis: a statistical technique that explains a large number of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors.

Front 15

Thurston

Back 15

described primary mental abilities.
More recently accepted is a three-level hierarchy.
general factor (high level ability), specific factors (low level abilities), and group factors (middle level abilities).

Front 16

Robert Sternbern

Back 16

Triarchic

Front 17

Carroll

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identified 8 independent middle-level abilities:
memory & learning, visual perception, auditory perception, retrieval ability, cognitive speediness, processing speed, crystallized intelligence, and fluid intelligence.
Fluid intelligence: the ability to process information.
Crystallized intelligence: the accuracy and amount of information available for processing

Front 18

Gardner

Back 18

studies of people including prodigies (normal intelligence with an extraordinary ability) and savants (low intelligence with an extraordinary ability) led him to propose 8 kinds of intelligence.
linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences.
stresses cultural differences.

Front 19

Naum chompsky

Back 19

anguage Acquisition Device (LAD) is a postulated "organ" of the brain that is supposed to function as a congenital device for learning symbolic language (i.e., language acquisition). First proposed by Noam Chomsky, the LAD concept is an instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language. It is component of the nativist theory of language. This theory asserts that humans are born with the instinct or "innate facility" for acquiring language. Chomsky has gradually abandoned the LAD in favour of a parameter-setting model of language acquisition (principles and parameters).

Front 20

Galton

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concluded that intelligence was inherited.
Studies of identical and fraternal twins reared together and apart.
people who share all their genes have extremely similar intelligence test scores (regardless of environment).
Heritability coefficient: a statistic that describes the proportion of the difference between people’s scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup.

Front 21

15. Consciousness and ________ are inextricably related

Back 21

• BRAIN ACTIVITY

Front 22

16. Which of the following is evidence of unconscious processing?

Back 22

• Blind sight (ie airbag)
• Special neglect
• Reflexes

Front 23

17. Circadian rhythms appear to have a strong relationship with what?

Back 23

•Electrical Activity of Brain (EEG)
Degree of alertness
• LIGHT, A LOT (like natural light)

Front 24

18. What does the brain use to adjust your “body clock” for sleep schedules?

Back 24

• Lots of things. Light, go outside more? Waske up early and expose to light in morning

Front 25

19. Which of the following is not anatomically related to the regulation of sleep?

Back 25

these are:
• Melatonin, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, supra chiasmic nucleus of hypothalamus

Front 26

20. How long does the average sleep cycle take? (human)

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• 90 TO 100 MINUTES
• 5-6 cycles per night

Front 27

21. In what ways do adults and children differ in their sleep cycles?

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• INFANTS START WITH REM SLEEP, INSTEAD OF ENDING WITH IT
• CHILDREN HAVE MORE PERIODS OF WAKFULLNESS AND SLEEP
• GET A LOT MORE REM SLEEP THAN ADULTS

Front 28

22. Which of the following is most likely to have sleep apnea?

Back 28

• OVERWEIGHT, MIDDLE AGE, MALE, (SNORER?)

Front 29

23. A relaxed state similar to hypnosis, but not requiring a hypnotist or suggestions, would be ___________.

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meditation

Front 30

24. Which of the following is an important component for inducing hypnosis?

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• They must BELIEVE they’re hypnotized!! Suggestibility. Thinking Actions are involuntarily.

Front 31

25. According to Freud, the content of dreams is called __________, while the symbols and hidden meanings were called ____________.

Back 31

• Manifest (context)
• Latent (symbols and hidden meanings

Front 32

23. A relaxed state similar to hypnosis, but not requiring a hypnotist or suggestions, would be ___________.

Back 32

meditation

Front 33

24. Which of the following is an important component for inducing hypnosis?

Back 33

• They must BELIEVE they’re hypnotized!! Suggestibility. Thinking Actions are involuntarily.

Front 34

25. According to Freud, the content of dreams is called __________, while the symbols and hidden meanings were called ____________.

Back 34

• Manifest (context)
• Latent (symbols and hidden meanings

Front 35

26. Question on Activation-synthesis model

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• Brain trying to make sense of activations that occur while sleeping (ie @ work doing job). The theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep

Front 36

27. Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that converts stored nutrients into blood glucose

Back 36

glucagon

Front 37

28. Which sex is more likely to have had a homosexual experience prior to adulthood (M, F, neither or both?

Back 37

males

Front 38

29. The most common cause of obesity is what

Back 38

consuming more calories than burning

Front 39

30. One of the main determinants in sex organ development is what?

Back 39

• Absence or presence of testosterone!

Front 40

31. True or False: Weight fluctuates in the short term but is very stable in the long term

Back 40

TRUE

Front 41

32. If a person claims that they are not full after eating a huge meal and could continue to eat until they explode, what part of the brain in likely damaged?

Back 41

• Peraventircular nucleus of the hypothalamus!!

Front 42

33. A pattern of binging and purging accompanied by a failure to maintain a minimum body weight is known as what?

Back 42

• Anorexia nervosa

Front 43

34. Know stages of sexual arousal in order. Multiple choice question, every answer will have all stages

Back 43

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution,

Front 44

35. During which stage has maximum level of vassal congestion?

Back 44

• Plateu

Front 45

60. Under what condition does a recessive genotype become a phenotype?

Back 45

• Only shows effects in homozygous condition.

Front 46

61. Are males more susceptible to sex-linked genetic disorders? If so, why? If not, why not?

Back 46

• Yes, because usually the traits are recessive. On X chromosome, males only get one.

Front 47

62. Which of Ainsworth’s classifications would be considered most problematic for the child?

Back 47

disorganized

Front 48

63. Divorce tends to have less of an affect on which children?

Back 48

younger children?

Front 49

64. A heritability score of .8 means what?

Back 49

• There is a lot of influence due to genetics!! Or heritability!
• Measured 0-1. 1 means everything is due to heredity

Front 50

65. Which of the following are not risks for low birth weight and pre-mature babies?

Back 50

• Risks! Dying at infancy
• Impaired brain development
• Behavioral and academic problems
• Correlate with the factors that cause these promlems, even if they are not in fact the direct cause

Front 51

66. T/F In the field of psychology, it’s suspected that we underestimate the effects of heritability

Back 51

FALSE?

Front 52

67. Which of the following is not one of Baumrind’s parenting styles?

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• Authoritative (*best), Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved

Front 53

68. Accommodation is described as ___________ while assimilation is described as ____________

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• Assimilation- take new info and fit it into an old schema.
• Accommodation is when they develop a new schema

Front 54

69. The personal fable is _______ while the imaginary audience is _________

Back 54

• PF- idea or belief that child/teen has that their experience is so unique and special that no one could possibly understant what they’re goig through. People are really interested in them.
• IA- Everybody else is as interested in them (or as critical of them) as they are. Everybody is watching, everybody notices everything.

Front 55

70. Piaget’s stages of cognitive development in order are what?

Back 55

• Sensorimotor, Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Front 56

71. During adolescent development, seriously considering issues without making any decisions is what?

Back 56

• MORATORIUM!

Front 57

74. Lev Vygostky is associated with which of the following terms??

Back 57

• Zone of proximal development? When a child is capable of acquiring a range of skills

Front 58

76. Pre-operational children lack what skill?

Back 58

• Observation?? Conservation of physical properties?

Front 59

77. According to Piaget, what eventually accomplishes cognitive change?

Back 59

• ACCOMMODATION

Front 60

59. Which of the following disorders is specifically related to parenting factors?

Back 60

fetal alcohol syndrome: a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

Front 61

72. According to Piaget, a reversible mental process is known as what?

Back 61

In the preoperational stage, the child lacks the capacity to perform logical operations. Operations are reversible mental processes.

Front 62

73. Which of the following is one of Ainsworth’s classifications?

Back 62

Securely attached- able to go in, explore, play, checks in once in a while. upset when leaves, happy when comes back.
Anxious or insecurely attached- child clings to mom. Doesn’t play, just stays by mom. Protest loud when she leaves.
Anxious and avoidant ignore mom, goes play. Doesn’t seem to notice when mom leaves.
Disorganized* most problematic

Front 63

40. according to behaviorists what is an intervening variable?

Back 63

• Anything that provokes an observable behavior (has affect on it, but not observable)

Front 64

41. What facilitates process of classical conditioning?

Back 64

• Occur simultaneously in time. Bell and food. NOT bell… 20 min… food

Front 65

42. T/F Higher order conditioning is possible

Back 65

F

Front 66

43. The BF & BF Skinner stands for…

Back 66

• Burrhus Fredrick

Front 67

44. Which of the following NOT assumption of bahviorism?

Back 67

• That genes don’t play any role

Front 68

45. Parlor orig. described salivation response to a bell of his dogs as _____

Back 68

• A reflex, "anticipatory" salivary response. They were annoyances.

Front 69

46. Acquisition is defined as __________ while extinction is defined as________

Back 69

1. the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together
2. the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented.

Front 70

49. Who argued that all animal and most human behavior could be explained with stimulus response psychology

Back 70

• Jaques Loebs

Front 71

54. Which is more effective in creating behavior change?

Back 71

• Refinforcement!! (not punishment)

Front 72

58. According to lecture, which schedule of reinforment is most affective?

Back 72

• Variable ratio

Front 73

classical conditioning

Back 73

when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response

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unconditioned stimulus

Back 74

something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism. (like bowl of food or puff of air)

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unconditioned reaction

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a reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (like salivating or blinking)

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conditioned stimulus

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a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism (like tuning fork/no air)

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conditioned response

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a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus (salivation/blinks)

Front 78

According to Thorndike, operant conditioning is …

Back 78

a type of learning in which the consequence of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated.

Hint 78

form of psychological learning during which an individual modifies the occurrence and form of its own behavior due to the association of the behavior with a stimulus. Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning (also called respondent conditioning) in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of "voluntary behavior" or operant behavior. Operant behavior "operates" on the environment and is maintained by its consequences, while classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of reflexive (reflex) behaviors which are elicited by antecedent conditions.
Operant conditioning, sometimes called instrumental conditioning or instrumental learning, was first extensively studied by Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949), who observed the behavior of cats trying to escape from home-made puzzle boxes.[5] When first constrained in the boxes, the cats took a long time to escape. With experience, ineffective responses occurred less frequently and successful responses occurred more frequently, enabling the cats to escape in less time over successive trials. In his law of effect, Thorndike theorized that successful responses, those producing satisfying consequences, were "stamped in" by the experience and thus occurred more frequently. Unsuccessful responses, those producing annoying consequences, were stamped out and subsequently occurred less frequently. In short, some consequences strengthened behavior and some consequences weakened behavior. Thorndike produced the first known learning curves through this procedure.

Front 79

48. One specific difference between methodological and radical behaviorists is ________

Back 79

• Metho → genetics too, radical only seen

Front 80

50. A major difference operant and classical conditioning is _____

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• Operant – the reason why we do things
• Classical is trained response
• Classical pairing -→ “if… then”. Randome
• Operant→ rewards consequences → learning. Set up
In classical, responses are hardwired.

Front 81

51. In operant conditioning, diff btw shaping v. chaining?

Back 81

SHAPING: learning that results from reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior
Shaping- is a form of operant conditioning in which the increasingly accurate approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
Chaining-is an instructional procedure which involves reinforcing individual responses occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior

Front 82

52. Premack principle

Back 82

states that more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors.
states that more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors

Front 83

53. Which of the following in NOT a reinforcement schedule mentionied in class

Back 83

These WERE:
fixed interval schedule
variable interval schedule
fixed ratio schedule
variable ratio schedule
intermittent reinforcement

Front 84

55. What is Albert Bandura Known for?

Back 84

Beating Up Bobo.

Front 85

56. According to operant conditioning, applying a stimulus for purpose of decreasing a behavior is known as…

Back 85

Punisher

Front 86

57. A conditional reinforcer is ______ an unconditioned reinforcer is _____

Back 86

A primary reinforcer, sometimes called an unconditioned reinforcer satisfy biological needs.
A secondary reinforcer, sometimes called a conditioned reinforcer, is a stimulus or situation that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing with a stimulus that functions as a reinforcer.like money? associated with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning.