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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of sensation? |
The process by which we receive, transform, and process stimuli from the outside world to create sensory experiences of vision, touch, hearing, taste, smell and so on. |
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what is the definition of psychophysics? |
the study of the relationship between features of physical stimuli, such as the intensity of light and sound, and the sensation we experience in response to these stimuli. |
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what are the vision receptors? |
rods and cones in the eyes. |
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what are your hearing receptors? |
hair cells in the inner ear. |
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what are your taste receptors? |
taste buds on the tongue.
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what are your smell receptors? |
receptor cells in the upper nostrils. |
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what are you touch receptors? |
nerve ending in the skin> |
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what in absolute threshold? and what is an example? |
the smallest amount of a given stimuli that a person can reliably detect. smell; e.g. about one drop of perfume in a small house. e.g. about i teaspoon of sugar disolved in 2 gallons of water. |
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what is difference threshold? and an example? |
the minimal difference in magnitude of energy needed for poeple to detect a difference between two stimuli. if your lifting 50lbs you wont notice 2% increase or 1lbs but if you were lifting 200lbs the lbs would have to be increased 4 lbs 2% for you to notice. |
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what is signal detection theory? what variables does it depend on? |
the belief that the detection of stimulus depends on factors involving the intensity of the stimulus , the level of background stimulation and the biological and psychological characteristics of the perceiver< your sense of smell is duller when you have a cold. fatigue. |
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what is sensory adaptation? |
the process by which receptors adapt to constant stimuli by becoming less sensitive to them. |
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what is the first step in perception? |
attiention |
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what is selective attention? |
the process by which we attend to meaningful stimuli and filter out the irrelevant or extraneous stimuli. |
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what is a perceptual set? |
the tendency for perceptions to be influenced by ones expectations or preconceptions remember the figure that could be a B or 13 |
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what is the figure and ground principal ? |
figure is: clouds, people on the street; the ground is the sky. the ground is shapeless but the figure have definite shapes |
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what was Willian james conception of consciousness? |
consciousness is like an ever-flowing river of thoughts and mental experiences |
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what are states of consciousness? |
a state of consciousness ranging from alert and wakeful to deep sleep. |
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what is focused awareness? |
a state of heightened alertness in which one is fully absorbed in the task at hand. |
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what is drifting consciousness? |
a state of consciousness characterized by drifting thoughts or mental imagery |
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what is divided consciousness? |
a state of awareness characterized by divided attention to two or more tasks or activities preformed at the same time. |
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what is altered state of consciousness? |
states of awareness during wake fullness that are different than the persons usual waking state. |
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what is a circadian rhythm? how does it apply to sleep? |
the pattern of fluctuations in the bodily process that occur each day. the sleep/wake cycle works on the circadian rhythm. |
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what is stage 1 of sleep? |
light sleep. small regular brain waves |
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what is stage 2 sleep? |
deeper sleep. appearance of spindle shaped waves called sleep spindles |
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what is stage 3 sleep? |
deep sleep large slow delta waves appear |
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what is rem sleep? |
rapid eye movement and is most associated with dreaming brain is most active but body is paralyzed |
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why do we sleep? |
tho restore and conserve energy, and memory consolidation |
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what are the signs of alcohol overdose? |
failure to respond when talked to shaken or poked. inability to stand. failure to wake. purplish or clammy skin. rapid pulse rate, irregular heart rate, low blood pressure, or difficulty breathing |
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what is learning? |
a relatively permanent change in behavior acquired through experience/ |
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UR. CS. UR. CR. NS. |
unconditioned response. conditioned stimuli. unconditioned response. conditioned response. neutral stimuli. |
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what is an example of classic conditioning? |
remember the dog and the drooling to a bell |
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what is extinction? |
the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response. |
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what stimulus generalization? |
the tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response |
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what is stimulus discrimination? |
the tendency to differentiate among stimuli so that stimuli that are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not identical to it fail to elicit a conditioned response. |
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what is operant conditioning? |
a process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability of that response being repeated |
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what is positive reinforcement? |
the strengthening of a response through the introduction of a stimulus after the response occurs |
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what is negative reinforcement? |
the strengthening of a responses through the removal of a stimulus after the response occurs. |
