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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a measure's ability to produce consistent results
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Reliability
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applied to a psychological measure, measure's ability to assess the variable it is supposed to assess
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Validity
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the applicility of the findings to the entire population of interest to the researcher
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Generalizability
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measures the extent to which two variables are related (related to eachother)
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correlation coefficient
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the ability of a theory to be proven wrong as a means of advancing
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falsifiability
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opposite of the mind body dualism
all physiological events = biochemical events in the brain |
Monism
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mental events & physical events can have different causes mind is free to think & choose, while the body is contrained by nature
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Dualism
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a systematic way of organizing and explaining observations set of propositions, about relations among various phenomena
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theory
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the result was probably not due to chance
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statistical significance
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the question of how mental and physical events interact
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mind-body problem
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the higher individuals measure on one variable, the higher they are likely to measure on the other (lower score on one side and lower score on the other)
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positively correlated
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the higher participants meausre on one variable, the lower they will measure on the other
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negatively correlated
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2 variables to assess the extent to which belong high on one measure predicts being high or low on the other
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to correlate
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measures the extent to which 2 variables are related
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correlation coefficent
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weak correlation (the two variables are not relatable)
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Zero Correlation Coefficient
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fundamental unit of the nervous system
cells specialize in electrical and chemical communication |
neurons
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branchlike extensions of the neuron which recieve inputs from other cells
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dendrite
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long extension from the cell body that transmits information to other neurons
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axon
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tight coat of cells composed primarily of lipids that facilitates transmission of information to other neurons
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myelin sheath
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spreading voltage changes, which occur when the neural membrane recieves a signal from another cell
strength diminsihes as signals travel along the cell membrane and cumulative |
graded potential
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"firing" of the neuron, not cumulative
all or none quality |
action potential
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chemicals that transmit information from one cell to another
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neurotransmitters
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connections between neurons occur here
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synapse
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directs psychological and basic life processes
responds to stimuli consists of brain & spinal cord |
Central Nervous System
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carries information to and from the central nervous system
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Peripheral Nervous System
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(division of PNS)
conveys sensory information to the CNS & sends motor messages to muscles; involved in intentional actions |
Somatic Nervous System
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(division of PNS) serves basic life functions, such as beating of the heart and response to stress
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Automatic Nervous System
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readies the body in response to threat, activates the organism
"emergency system" activate in response to threat fight or flight response |
Sumpathetic Nervous System
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Calms body down maintains energy, supports routine activities that maintain the body's sotre of energy
(regulating blood-sugar, secreting saliva, eliminating waste, heart rate & pupil size) |
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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a set of structures with diverse functions involving emotion, motivation, learning & memory
includes the amygdala & hippocampus |
Limbic System
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involved in many emotional processes, especially learning and remembering emotionally significant events, important in fear responses and anger
dampened by cortex & mature at birth |
amygdala
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stores new info in memory so that person can later consciously remember it
(HM->epilepsy, memory, REM sleep) |
hippocampus
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above and connected to spinal cord, composed of the medulla oblongata, cerebellum & parts of the reticular formation, maintains major life functions
(breathing, heart rate, digestion, arousal, involved in coma) most primitive & essential |
Hindbrain
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large structure at back of brain, involved in movement & fine motor learning, balance, complicated & smooth movement -> complex activity becomes automized
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Cerebellum
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allows the flexible construciotn of sequences of voluntary movements, permits subtle discriminations amoung complex sensory patterns, makes symbolic thinking possible
divided into two hemispheres with colateral control |
Cerebral Cortex
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located in lower part of cerebral cortex
important in hearing & language auditory perception and speech comprehension |
Temporal Lobe
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Located in back part of cerebral cortex
specialized in vision & blind sight |
Occipital Lobe
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located in front of the occipital love, involved in the sense of touch, detecting movement, locating objects in space & experiencing one's own body as it moves through space
complex visual-spatial processing, phantom limbs, somatosensory cortex |
Parietal Lobe
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functions: movement, attention, planning, social skills, abstract thinking, memory & same aspects of personality, speech production
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Frontal Lobe
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the primary zone of the frontal lobe
planning, reasoning & social skills |
motor cortex
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primary area of the parietal lobe, behind the central fissure, recieve information form different parts of the body
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somatosensory cortex
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located inleft frontal lobe at the base of the motor cortex, movements of mouth and tongue
necessary for speech production & use + understanding of grammar |
Broca's Area
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able to comprehend language but unable to speak, put together grammatical sentences or articulating words
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Damage to Broca's Area
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located in the left temporal lobe, important in language comprehension
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Wernicke's Area
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difficulty understanding what words & sentences mean
"Word Salad" |
Damage to Wernicke's Area
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involved in complex mental processes such as forming perceptions, ideas, & plans
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Association Area
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process raw sensory information or intiates movement
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Primary Area
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see the object and respond to it emotionally but message doesn't reach amygdala
parents are imposters |
capgras delusion
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cannot consciously percieve objects on a certain side of brain, lacks recognizing the object and two different pathways of sending images to the brain
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Blind sight
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individuals whose corpus callosum has been cut, blocking communication between two hemispheres
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Split Brain
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somatosensory cortex- map of body- recieve stimulation & when limb isnot there it is taken over by adjacent section- believe limb is there
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Phantom limb
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involves subjective awareness of stimuli, feelings, or ideas (paying attention)
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Conscious Mental Processes
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not presently consciousbut could be readily brought to consciousness
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Preconscious Mental Processes
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are inaccessible to consciousness becuase they would be too anxiety provoking and thus being supressed
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Unconscious Metal Processes
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people easily hypnotized are able to form vivid visual images and to become readily abosrbed in fantasy, day dreams, movies and the like
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hypnotizability personality traits
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a cyclincalbiological process that evolved around the daily cycles of light and dark the cycle of sleep and waking in humans and animals body temp. hormones, and life support processes
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Circadian Rhythm
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8 hours on average
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normal sleep cylce
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as the night progresses person spends less time in NREM sleep and more time in rEM sleep
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sleep cycle progression
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vivid, narrative, story-like dreams
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REM
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relaxed, awake, eyes closed-slower frequency & higher amplitude
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Alpha waves
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awake and alert
high frequency and low amplitude |
Beta Waves
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muscle tone maintained, eye movemtns are absent, stage 1 & 2 sleep
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theta waves
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relaxed muscles, decrease rate of resperation & slightly loser body temp
stage 3 & 4 |
Delta Waves
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story line of dream
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manifest content
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the dreams underlying meaning
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latent content
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inability to sleep
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insomnia
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deep relaxaiton and suggestibility
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hypnosis
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stimulation of one sensory modality leading to perceptual experience in another sensory modality
synthesis of senstations |
synesthesia
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motives for achievement, autonomy, mastery, power, and other self oreiented goals
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agency
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relatedness- motives for connectedness with others
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communion
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the body's tendency to maintain a realtively constant state that permits cells to live and function
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homeostasis
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motives that can be activated and expressed outside of awareness
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implicit motives
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enjoyment of and interest in activity for its own sake
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intrinsic motivation
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an innate drive such as hunger, thirst & sex
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primary drive
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a drive learned through conditioning and either learning mechanisms such as modiling
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secondary drive
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motives to express oneself & grow
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self actualization
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relatively extended emotional state
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moods
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emotion involves 2 factors: physiological arousal & cognitive interpretation
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Schactner & Singer Theory
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the inability to recognize one's own feelings (w/o language or emotion)
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Alexmythia
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emotions originate in peripheral nervous system responses that the central nervous system then interprets
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James-Lange Theory
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emotion-including stimuli simultaneously elicit both an emotion experience such as fear and bodily responses such as sweaty palms
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Cannon Bard Theory
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