Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Opinion vs. evidence
|
Opinion: telling others what we think vs. Evidence: showing others what we think makes sense
|
|
|
Bias in evaluating evidence
|
• Want your side to be right, ignore evidence of the other side attack other side evidence but not own
|
|
|
Kinds of evidence and reliability of such
|
Personal Exp, Unpublished reports, Published reports, Eyewitness Testimony, Expert Opinion
|
|
|
What constitutes sufficient evidence?
|
When a judgement can be made with certainty + info on one side looks more probable/reasonable than the other
|
|
|
Purpose of evaluating evidence |
To find the truth
|
|
|
Error of perspective |
Serious distortions in opinion/belief
|
|
|
Types of errors of perspective |
Unwarranted Assumption: idea assumed to be correct, Either/Or: either right or wrong, Mindless Conformity: following others and not thinking for ourselves, Absolutivism: rules w/o exception, Relativism: No rules, Bias for/against change: not wanting change at all or wanting it too much
|
|
|
Error of procedure
|
Errors that occur when addressing specific issues
|
|
|
Types of errors of procedure
|
Biased consideration of evidence: leaning more in one direction, Double Standard: having one set of rules for oneself, and a dif. set of rules for others, Hasty conclusion: premature judgement w/o enough evidence, Stereotyping: making broad conclusions from little evidence/exp. , Oversimplification: simplifying complex issues, Post Hoc Fallacy: when one thing occurs after another, the first event caused the second
|
|
|
Error of expression |
Errors that occur when expressing our views
|
|
|
Types of errors of expression
|
Contradiction: saying one thing and doing another, Arguing in a circle: trying to prove a statement by repeating it in a dif. way, Meaningless Statement: words or reasoning that make no sense, Mistaken Authority: giving authority to someone who doesn’t have it, False Analogy: claiming things are similar when they’re not, Irrational Appeal: encourages us to accept ideas w/o question
|
|
|
Error of reaction
|
Errors that occur after others have criticized or challenge our belief |
|
|
Types of errors of reaction
|
Automatic Rejection: rejecting new ideas b4 investigating, Changing the subject: abruptly turning discussion somewhere else, Shifting burden of proof: demanding others disprove our ideas in a disagreement, Straw Man: putting words into someone else’s mouth, Attacking the Critic: attempt to discredit an idea by criticizing the speaker |
|
|
Definition of Inquiry
|
seeking answers to questions
|
|
|
2 kinds of Inquiry |
Inquiry into facts and Inquiry into opinions
|
|
|
How much inquiry is enough? |
when you have made a thorough and careful effort to learn the relevant facts and to consult informed opinion in all fields of study |
|
|
Managing lengthy material
|
Identify key claims, conclusion, write a summary of what you read |
|
|
Effects of sensationalism vs. news
|
Sensationalism: Storm Watch, Election Coverage |
|
|
Definition and application of euphemisms |
Substituting a mild, or vague term for one considered harsh or offensive
|
|
|
Media messages about men and women |
Gender differences and stereotypes. Men do hard work, Women are housewives and weak
|
|
|
Parental, peer, and media influence regarding body image |
Can lead to eating disorders, low self-esteem, rise in cosmetic surgery
|
|
|
Questions to ask when evaluating research and news reports |
Can lead to eating disorders, low self-esteem, rise in cosmetic surgery
|
|
|
Definition of Judgment |
Conclusion arrived at through examination of evidence and carefulreasoning
|
|
|
5 ways to guard against errors in judgment |
• Know self, biases
• Be observant • Clarify issues – ask questions • Conduct inquiry – seek info. • Evaluate info./evidence; check if relevant |
|
|
Benefits of asking questions about subject matter
|
• Prevents hasty conclusions
• Helps us evaluate each part of an issue • Provides structure for thoughts |
|
|
We must distinguish between
|
• The person & the idea
• What is said & how it’s said (substance vs. style)• Why we think a certain way & whether our belief/opinion is correct • The individual & the group • Matters of preference & matters of studied judgment • Familiarity & correctness – don’t be a sheep! |
|
|
Define and apply availability error |
• We believe what we hear the most often
• We believe cars are safer than planes because the news reports plane crashes more, but driving is actually more dangerous. |
|
|
Six Stages of Change |
• Precontemplation
• Contemplation • Determination • Action • Maintenance • Termination |
|
|
How to deal with absolutist issues and people |
Be kind |
|
|
Effects of sensationalism vs. news
|
Storm Watch, Election Coverage, High Speed Chases |
|
|
Definition and application of euphemisms
|
• Substituting a mild, or vague term for one considered harsh or offensive
Ex: Shell shock ---> Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome |
|
|
Media messages about men and women
|
• Gender differences and stereotypes. Men do hard work, Women are housewives and weak
|
|
|
Parental, peer, and media influence regarding body image
|
• Can lead to eating disorders, low self-esteem, rise in cosmetic surgery
|
|
|
Personal factors to pay attention to when utilizing CT skills in daily life
|
Social skills, personality |
|
|
Difficulties with scrutinizing social skills |
• Don’t want to be too nice or too self-centered, we are not perfect |
|
|
Intellectual Laziness |
• Unwillingness to explore options and seek information on your own
|
|
|
Higher Order Thinking Skills |
• Critical, logical, reflective, metacognitive, and creative thinking
|
|
|
Reasons somepeople/groups fear or reject higher order thinking skills
|
• Fear that HOTS will turn people away from religion
|
|
|
Warning signs of those opposed to CT |
• Devoutly atheistic or devoutly religious
|
|
|
What is most important in using your CT skills? |
Your own motivation |
|
|
Psychological issues that interfere with CT
|
• Control, Insecurity, Low or Over-Inflated Self – Esteem, Lack of trust, lack of coping skills, denial of responsibility, poor social/communication skills, drug use, fear, anger, grief
|
|
|
When to refrain from using CT skills
|
• When your safety might be in jeopardy
• Boss or authority figures • Dealing with people who think in absolutist ways (black and white thinking) |
