Psych 105 Chapter 15

Front 1

Psychological disorders (7)

Back 1

Disorders apparent in childhood, Anxiety disorders, Somatoform Disorders, Dissociative disorders, Mood disorders, Schizophrenic disorders, Personality disorders.

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Disorders apparent in childhood. (8)

Back 2

Mental retardation, Pervasive development disorders, Learning disorders, Reactive attachment disorder, separation anxiety, Attention Deficit hyperactivity disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct disorder.

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Back 3

Components: Inattentive, hyperactive, impulsive. 8.1% of school aged children.

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Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

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Strong willed child, Negative, touchy, hostile, resentful, spiteful, tantrums, Control: Argue with adults, defy rules, annoy others. Blame others for misbehaviours. 2 - 16%

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Conduct Disorder (CD)

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Persistent violation of societal norms and the rights of others 'Budding Sociopath'. Aggression to people and animals. Destruction of property. Deceitfulness. Theft. Serious violation of rules. Males 6-16% Females 2-9%.

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Normal anxiety

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Relates to real of perceived threat, focuses our attention (threat). Motivates us to act (discomfort).

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Abnormal anxiety

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Not focused on a realistic threat, Overwhelms our ability to function.

Front 8

Panic Attack

Back 8

Discrete period of intense fear/ discomfort.

Front 9

Anxiety Disorders (5)

Back 9

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Panic disorder. Phobic disorder. Obsessive compulsive disorder. Post traumatic stress disorder.

Front 10

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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Prolonged/ continued anxiety and worry. Generally not focused on a specific fear or event. Sense of impending doom. Restless, keyed up, Irritable. Fatigues, but sleep disturbances are common. 5.7% of the population.

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Panic disorder

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Recurrent, Unexpected panic attacks. Concern, worry, altered behaviour, Agoraphobia is a common complication. 4.7% of population.

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Phobic Disorder

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Marked fear that is excessive and unreasonable. Phobic source is avoided or endured with great distress. Develop more easily to 'natural threats' 12.5% of the population

Front 13

Phobic disorder (different categories)

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animal, natural environment, situational, Other. (childhood)

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Obsessive compulsive disorder

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Obsession: recurring, persistent thoughts, or images. Intrusive and cause anxiety/ distress. Compulsions: Repetitive behaviours or mental acts. Aimed at preventing or reducing distress or a dreaded outcome. Not connected in a realistic way. 1.6% of population.

Front 15

Depression

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Major depression: A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behaviour (loss of interest in one's usual activities). Cognition (thoughts of hopelessness) and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite).

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Gender, age, and depression

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Women are about twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression (true around the world). After age 65, rates of depression drops in both sexes.

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Bipolar Disorder

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A mood disorder in which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur. Formerly called manic depression. Equal incidence in men and women.

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Manic episode

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Elated, euphoric, sociable, impatient. Racing thoughts, flight of ideas, impulsive, confident, delusions of grandeur. Hyperactive, tireless, less sleep, increased sex drive.

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Bipolar Depressive episode

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Gloomy, hopeless, withdrawn. Slow thought, obsessive worrying, self blame, negative self image, Delusions of guilt and disease. Less active, over tired, reduced sex drive.

Front 20

Biological theories of depression

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Studies of adopted children support a moderate genetic influence on depression. 5-HTT is a gene that is present in either a long or short form (serotonin transporter). Linked to low levels of serotonin and epinephrine. Biopsychosocial.

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Biopsychosocial

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Genetic, neurotransmitters, social circumstances

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Cognitive Habits

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cognitive explanations emphasize particular habits of thinking and ways of interpreting events. Depressed people believe that their situation is permanent and uncontrollable. Rumination involves brooding about negatie aspects of ones life.

Front 23

Dissociative amnesia

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Inability to recall important personal information. Related to trauma or stress. Rule out physiological causes. Drug use, physical trauma, dementia.

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Dissociative Fugue

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Sudden, unexpected travel away from customary place of living, with a complete amnesia for some or all of ones past. Confusion about personal identity, or the assumption od a new identity. Travel may be short or long distances, Fugue state may last for a short or long period of time. Longstanding dissociative amnesia may continue after fugue. Most often a single episode following trauma. 0.2% of the population.

Front 25

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

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Two or more distinct identities or personality states. Identities may or may not be aware of each other, and their activities. Gaps in memory, erratic behaviour. Associated with severe abuse, most often ongoing sexual abuse. Controversial.

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The DID controversy

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DID is common but often unrecognized or misdiagnosed, the disorder starts in childhood as means of coping, trauma produced a mental splitting. OR. Created through pressure and suggestions by clinicians.

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Symptoms of Schizophrenic disorders

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Delusions, Hallucinations and heightened sensory awareness. Disorganized, incoherent speech, tangential comments, word salad. Disorganized and inappropriate behaviour 0.4-0.7% of population.

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Delusions

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Fixed false beliefs, strongly held, no basis in reality. Persecution. Grandeur. Body. Romance/sexuality.

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Hallucinations

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Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of external stimulations.

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Genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia.

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The risk of developing Schizophrenia in one's lifetime increases as the genetic relatedness with a diagnosed schizophrenic increases.

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Structural brain abnormalities

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Several abnormalities exist, especia;;y when schizophrenia is characterized by primarily negative symptoms. Decreased brain weight, decreased volume in temporal lobe or hippocampus, enlarged sulci, enlargement of ventricles.

Front 32

Personality disorders

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Traits we all possess to some extent: shyness, submissive, cautious, focused, avoidant, dependant, paranoid, obsessive. Pathology: exaggerated, rigid, Illogical.

Front 33

3 clusters of personality disorders

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A: odd/eccentric B: dramatic/ emotional/ erratic. C: Anxious/ fearful.

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Class A

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Schizoid, Schizotypal, Paranoid.

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Schizoid

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Severe withdrawal, no social interest. Absence of warm, loving tender feelings, indifferent, cold detached. Usually don't seek treatment.

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Schizotypal

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Odd beliefs, unusual sensory experiences, suspicious eccentric behaviour, discomfort in social settings, similar to schizophrenia. Severe social anxiety.

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Paranoid

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Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness, holds a grudge, doubts loyalty. Reads hidden demeaning messages in chance remarks.

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Class B

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Antisocial, borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic.

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Antisocial

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Exploits others, no attachments. Chronically violates rights and fails to accept norms. Illegal activity.

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Borderline

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Unstable self image. Fears imagined abandonment. Impulsive and unpredictable. Live from one crisis to the next. Dramatic, self harm

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Histrionic

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Overly dramatic, exaggerated emotions and problems. Uncomfortable if they are not the centre of attention. Grabs attention with physical appearance or behaviour. Interactions characterized by seductive and/or provocative behaviour.

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Narcissistic

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Grandiose sense of self importance, believes they are special and unique, demands excessive admiration. Arrogant, exploitative, lacks empathy.

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Class C

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Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive compulsive.

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Avoidant

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Over sensitivity to rejection, humiliation, desires social acceptance, but fears it. Withdrawn.

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Dependant

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Lacks self reliance and self esteem. Passive, subordinating own needs to others. Need other people to function.

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Obsessive compulsive

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Preoccupied with organization, lists, details.Extremely conventional, unable to express warm emotions. Perfectionist, overly conscientious.

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Psychopathic personality

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Not the same as ASPD. Distinctive set of traits, Guiltless, dishonest, manipulative, callous, unempathetic, self centred. Charming personable engaging. Physiological differences- Under aroused, reduced fear and pain responses. More common in men. Successful Psychopaths.