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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior
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Levels of Analysis
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Psychological, Biological, and Social/Cultural/Environmental.
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Multiply Determined
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caused by many factors
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Individual Differences
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variations among people in their thinking, emotions, personality, and behaviour
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Naïve Realism
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belief that we see the world precisely as it is
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Scientific Theory
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explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world
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Hypothesis
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testable prediction derived from a scientific theory
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Confirmation Bias
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tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny, dismiss, or distort evidence that contradicts them
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Belief Perseverance
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tendency to stick to our intinal beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
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Metaphysical Claim
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assertion about the world that is not testable
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Ad Hoc Immunizing Hypothesis
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escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification
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Pseudoscience
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set of claims that seem scientific but aren’t
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Apohenia
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tendency to perceuve meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena
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Pareidolia
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tendency to perceive meaningful images in meaningless visual stumuli
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Terror Management Theory
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Theory proposing that our awarness of our death leaves us wuth an underlying sense of terror with which we cope by adopting reassuring cultural worldviews
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Scientific Skepticism
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Approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisiting on persuasive ecidence before accepting them
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Critical thinking
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Set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion
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Correlation-Causation Fallacy
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Error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another , it must cause the other
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Cariable
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Anything that can vary
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Falsifiable
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Capable of being disproved
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Replicability
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When a study’s findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent invetigators
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Introspection
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Method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experences
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Functionalism
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School of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics
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Natural Selection
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Principle that organisms that possess adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other orgnisms
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Behaviorism
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School of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking at observable behaviour
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Cognitive Psychology
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School of psychology that proposes that thinking is centeral to understading behavior
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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Relatively new field of psychology that examines the relation between brain fuctiong and thinking
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Psychoanalysis
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School of psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud, that focuses on internal psychological processes of which we’re unaware
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Evolutionary Psychology
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Discipline that applies Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior
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Applied Research
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Research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems
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Basic Research
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Research examining how the mind works
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Prefrontal Lobotomy
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surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus
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Representativeness Heuristic
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heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype
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Heuristic
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mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world
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Base Rate
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how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population
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Availability heuristic
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heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds
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Cognitive biases
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systematic errors in thinking
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Hindsight bias
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tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes
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Overconfidence
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tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions
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Naturalistic Observation
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watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation
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external validity
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extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
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internal validity
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extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study
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case study
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research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period
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Existence proof
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demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur
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Random selection
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procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
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Reliability
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consistency of measurement
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Validity
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extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure
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response set
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tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
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correlational design
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research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated
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Scatterplot
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grouping of points on a two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person’s data
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illusory correlation
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perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists
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Experiment
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research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable
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random assignment
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randomly sorting participants into two groups
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experimental group
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in an experiment, the group of participants that receives the manipulation
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control group
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in an experiment, the group of participants that doesn’t receive the manipulation
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independent variable
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variable that an experimenter manipulates
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dependent variable
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variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect
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operational definition
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a working definition of what a researcher is measuring
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placebo effect
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improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
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Blind
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unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
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experimenter expectancy effect
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phenomenon in which researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study
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double-blind
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when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who’s in the experimental or control group
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demand characteristics
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cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher’s hypotheses
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informed consent
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informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate
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descriptive statistics
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numerical characterizations that describe data
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central tendency
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measure of the “central” scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster
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Mean
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average; a measure of central tendency
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Median
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middle score in a data set; a measure of central tendency
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Mode
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most frequent score in a data set; a measure of central tendency statistics application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data
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Variability
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measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
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Range
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difference between the highest and lowest scores; a measure of dispersion
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standard deviation
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measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean
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inferential statistics
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mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
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intelligence test
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diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
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abstract thinking
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capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
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g(general intelligence)
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hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
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s(specific abilities)
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particular ability level in a narrow domain
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fluid intelligence
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capacity to learn new ways of solving problems
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crystallized intelligence
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accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time
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multiple intelligences
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idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill
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triarchic model
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model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing three distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative
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Stanford-Binet IQ test
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intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence
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mental age
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age corresponding to the average individual’s performance on an intelligence test
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deviation IQ
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expression of a person’s IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers
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Eugenics
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movement in the early twentieth century to improve a population’s genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, preventing those with bad genes from reproducing, or both
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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most widely used intelligence test for adults today, consisting of 15 subtests to assess different types of mental abilities
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culture-fair IQ test
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abstract reasoning measure that doesn’t depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests
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mental retardation
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condition characterized by an onset prior to adulthood, an IQ below about 70, and an in ability to engage in adequate daily functioning (changing to mental disability)
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bell curve
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distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall toward the middle, with progressively fewer scores toward the “tails” or extremes
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Flynn effect
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finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately three points per decade
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within-group heritability
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extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced
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between-group heritability
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extent to which differences in a trait between groups is genetically influenced
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test bias
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tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another
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stereotype threat
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fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype
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divergent thinking
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capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem
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convergent thinking
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capacity to generate the single best solution to a problem
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emotional intelligence
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ability to understand our own emotions and those of others, and to apply this information to our daily lives
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Wisdom
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application of intelligence toward a common good
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ideological immune system
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our psychological defenses against evidence that contradicts our views
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Science
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A systematic study based on observation, identification, description, measurement, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanations of phenomena
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Mind
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The element, part, substance, or process that perceives, reasons, thinks, feels, wills, emotes. All conscious and unconscious mental processes
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Emotional Reasoning Fallacy
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relying on emotions rather than the evidence
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Bandwagon Fallacy
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Lots of people believe it, so it must be true
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Not Me Fallacy
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Others people have those biases, but not me.
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