Psych 101 Final - Introduction To Psychology

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Behaviorism

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Reward/Punishment

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ABC's

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Affect, Behavior, Cognition

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Affect

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Expressed emotion and emotional experience

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Behavior

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What the animal does

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Cognition

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Thinking and mental processes

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1879

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Wundt opened first Psych lab in Germany

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Four Cardinal Disciplines

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Theology, Law, Philosophy(Art), Medicine(Art)

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Belief that your sensory data is not accurate.

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Metaphysics

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Rely on information from the environment.

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Empiricism

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Wanted to study what he called "Mental Life" or "Consciousness".

Work went into the field of modern sensation and perception.

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Willhelm Wundt

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One of Wundt's number one students. Very charismatic. Wrote articles and letters which allowed experimental psychology to spread. Prolific, got people thinking and aware of Psychology. Theory known as Structuralism.

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Edward Titchner

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Searching for the structure of material life.

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Structuralism

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Method. Borrowed from philosophy by Wundt. Adapted for use in his research. Means "Looking inward".Ex. Asking people to describe sensations as they percieve them.

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Introspection

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Doesn't look at the structure of material life but looks at how behavior and mental processes help you adapt and survive in the environment. "If something is not changing, you're probably wrong."

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Functionalism

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Interested in human life and the physical world. Unlike structuralism, Has individual difference. Gave us properties like "Least Noticeable Difference" which is the degree or magnitude of difference of stimuli for a person to tell them apart with a threshold of 10%. "How do we record senses into data?".

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Psychophysics

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Student of mathematics and physics, developed many statistics that are used today. Formed and mapped a lot of sensory data. Helped Psychology become a quantitative science instead of a qualitative one.

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Gustav Fechner

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Psychology and the science behind measuring psychological variables. Standardization.

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Psychometrics

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Started the process of psychology testing. Created the first IQ test.

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Alfred Binet

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German Psychology, interested in perception, not the outside world, more interested in what goes on inside your head, organizing information into wholes.

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Gestalt

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The mind does not like unsolved puzzles. When presented something, the brain will organize parts into something it is familiar with.

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Baseline Theory

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The form, body, or whole the mind is accustomed to seeing.

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Mental Template

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Recluse, very wealthy, interested in memory, specifically "learning and forgetting". Interested in learning and forgetting curves. Research methods strongly criticized because he was his only subject.

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Herman Ebbinghaus

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This duo invented the first IQ test.

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Alfred Binet/ Theodore Simon

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Disputed the Standford Binet scale due to it only being based on language. Created an IQ test that was the first to measure both verbal and non-verbal constructs of intelligence.

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David Wechsler ( Wechsler Bellview IQ Test)

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The law suit was in the late 60's into the 1970's. The argument was that this test did not correctly class minority children. A very large sample, but a very limited group. Middle class white urban kids. Those norms were used to make decisions for kids everywhere. Many kids unrightfully put in special education, misclassified.

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Stanford/Binet Law Suit

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Theoretical standpoint interested in the output of behavior.

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Behaviorism

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The Great Behaviorist - Interested in the business of Ethology, where behavior comes from. More importantly, animal and human Ethology. He was a very strict scientist. Only that which was observable and quantifiable should be studied. He didn't want anything that was involved with mentalism.

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William James

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Explaining consciousness and mental life. Bound Psychology the art and Psychology the science.

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Empiricism

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Very strict scientist, influenced by guys like Fechner, wanted to quantify and define everything. "Behaviorist". "You give me a child whole and well formed, I can turn him into anything given his environment and circumstances." With his methods, you could obtain results that were easily replicated, which made his process so popular.

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John B. Watson

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Died in 1990, writing up until he passed away, not only should we study that which can be directly observed, but it should be a quantitative science. "Radical Behaviorist". Said Psychology should have no theory and become a pure science. Created quantitative analysis of behavior which became the schedules of reinforcement.

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B.F. Skinner

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Quantitative, reliable, and documentable

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Pure Science

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Used " naive rats " , and put them in a maze over-night. He then had rats exposed to the maze without food, and then rats exposed to the maze with food. The rats exposed with food learned and remembered the maze faster than the ones without. "Cognitive Map".

Indirectly set in motion the "Cognitive Revolution".

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Edward Tollman

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Started off as a behaviorist, but knew there was more than just reward/punishment. He then kicked off the ideas of cognitive/behavioral learning and cognitive/behavioral therapy. Learning is not only reward and punishment, but observation and communication, and learning is also passive.

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Albert Bandura

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Disliked how much Behaviorism left out the individual. Created cognitive therapy. Had an ABC model, consisting of Event, Behavior, and Consequence.

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Albert Ellis

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Goal was the help of schizophrenia patients with adjustments into reality. Through an event with a patient asking what to do, helped create "self instructional training".

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Donald Michenbaum

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The ultimate goal was the make the unknown, known. Attracted a lot of people who wished to be trained in it. Freud had the idea that he was the only one who could write this.

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Psychoanalysis

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South African - Psychiatrist - Originally trained in psychoanalysis, but was uninterested, developed a theory known as Counterconditioning. Developed procedures to prove and reduce anxiety. Reciprocal inhibition.

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Wolpe

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Neurologist - Branched into Psychiatry. He was very impressed with Anton Mesmer, who used the method of suggestion. "People have an inner life, an inner world that is full of conflicts." Your unconscious is composed almost entirely of bad stuff, and your mind tries to repress it until it becomes a neurosis. The treatment for neurosis was psychoanalysis.

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Sigmund Freud

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Clinical Psychologist - Stated that Psychology needed to serve the public trust to make life better. Came up with the idea of "Self Therapy". Invented Personal Construct Theory which looks at how you organize information as a person, and then asking questions. He would then help people using rational process, which is looking at reality, identifying the source, and then finding a way to solve it.

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George Kelly

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Got it's start in World War I. Testing models were developed and tests were used in selection. "Reducing all of the human error."

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Clinical Psychology

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Focused on psychological problems and solving those problems. They'll perform assessment, testing, therapy, and related services.

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Clinical Psychology

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Psychology prior to WWI (Type of Psychology)

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Experimental Psychology

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Shifted to this during World War I.( Type of Psychology)

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Applied Psychology

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The same as Clinical Psychology, remain separate due to professional identity. ( Type of Psychology)

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Counseling Pyschology

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Basically a mix of Counseling/Clinical. Can work in whichever area they would like, can be referred to as either a counseling or clinicial psychologist.

( Type of Psychology)

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Professional Psychology

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Psychology applied to business, industry, and endeavors to make money. Typical functions are human resources, efficiency, leadership, and teams. ( Type of Psychology )

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Industrial/Organizational Psychology (I/O)

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Also referred to as "Engineering Psychology". The focus is person-machine and person-environment interface. (Type of Psychology)

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Human Factors Psychology ( HF )

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Counseling psychologist applied to the school system. Worried about education problems and student related issues. ( Psychologist)

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School Psychologist

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I/O Psychologist applied to schools. Worried about school level material. Ex. curriculum, activities, funding. (Psychologist)

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Educational Psychologist

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Researcher in cognition which includes things like memory, identification, decision making, and related processes. A lot study Language. Big in the study of perception. (Psychologist)

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Cognitive Psychologist

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Studies people from birth to death, life span, and particular arears. (ABCs throughout lifespan.) Interested in aging. Childhood is the most commonly studied area. Aging is the fastest growing area being studied. Autism, Education issues, etc.

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Developmental Psychology

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Studies body behavior and interactions. Looks at stress reduction.

( Type of Psychology)

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Biological Psychology

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Clinical and cognitive branches. Clinicians help you physically recover, cognitive are mapping the brain.

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Neuropsychology

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The link between psychology and sociology. Looks at people in groups and studies group behavior and leadership. Teams, voting, etc. Theories: Cognitive, Behavioral, Psychoanalysis, Evolutionary Psychology, Biological Psychology, and Humanism. ( Type of Psychology)

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Social Psychology

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States that behavior evolved because it was necessary to survive. Working together in formed societies to survive. Explains modern problems. Ex. Obesity. ( Type of Psychology)

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Evolutionary Psychology

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The belief that people are basically good, self-perfecting, and the reasons things go wrong is because we don't have a good sense of ourselves.

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Humanism

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Putting emotion in to reasoning without actually looking at what happened.

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Emotional Reasoning

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Use of popularity to sway opinion

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Argument by Authority

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Attempting to overcome a loss by spending more.

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Sunk Cost

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Finding evidence to support your belief without looking at the evidence that might disconfirm it.

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Confirmation Bias

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Relationships between two things that appear to occur, but don't actually exist.

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Illusory Correlations

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Speficic testable predictions abot phenomena. A testable question.

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Hypothesis

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Account for, predict, and suggest ways to control phenomena.

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Theory

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Cognitive

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What you're thinking

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Everything is real, sensory data is right.

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Materialism

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Language, Judgment, and Conscious

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Problems with Behaviorism