Psych 101 Exam 2

Front 1

nature

Back 1

innate qualities

Front 2

nurture

Back 2

personal experience

Front 3

genetic building blocks

Back 3

- chromosomes - x & y
- genes
- dna

Front 4

chromosomes

Back 4

threadlike structures made of dna molecules that contain the genes.

Front 5

x chromosome

Back 5

- the sex chromosome found in both men and women. females had 2x chromosomes; males have 1.
- an x chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

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y chromosome

Back 6

- the sex chromosome found only in males.
- when paired with an x chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

Front 7

genes

Back 7

- the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes.
- a segment of dna capable of synthesizing a protein.
- genetic info that makes up the chromosomes.

Front 8

dna

Back 8

(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing genetic info that makes up the chromosomes

Front 9

identical

Back 9

twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.

Front 10

fraternal twins

Back 10

twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. they are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.

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temperament

Back 11

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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piaget

Back 12

believed that a child's mind develops through a series of stages, in an upward march from the newborn's simple reflexes to the adults abstract reasoning.

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sensorimotor

Back 13

experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, grasping). *object perm and stranger anxiety*

Front 14

stages and concepts (development)

Back 14

- sensorimotor
- pre operational
- concrete operational
- formal operational

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pre operational

Back 15

representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. *pretend play and egocentrism*

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concrete operational

Back 16

thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations. *conservation, mathematical transformations*

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formal operational

Back 17

abstract reasoning *abstract logic and potential for mature moral reasoning*

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assimilation

Back 18

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Front 19

accommodation schemas

Back 19

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

Front 20

erikson (understand his stages)

Back 20

each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution. (children wrestle with issues of trust, then autonomy (independence), initiative.

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infancy (to 1 year)
trust vs. mistrust

Back 21

if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

Front 22

toddlerhood (1-3 years)
autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Back 22

toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

Front 23

preschool (3-6 years)
initiative vs. guilt

Back 23

preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent.

Front 24

elementary school (6 years to puberty)
industry vs. inferiority

Back 24

children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

Front 25

adolescence (teens to 20's)
identity vs. role confusion

Back 25

teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

Front 26

young adulthood (20's to early 40's)
intimacy vs. isolation

Back 26

young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

Front 27

middle adulthood (40's to 60's)
generativity vs. stagnation

Back 27

in middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

Front 28

late adulthood (late 60's and up)
integrity vs. despair

Back 28

reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

Front 29

harlow's studies

Back 29

parenting styles
1. authoritarian
2. permissive
3. authoritative

Front 30

authoritarian

Back 30

parents impose rules and expect obedience.

Front 31

permissive

Back 31

parents submit to their children's desires; make few demands and use little punishment. (harlow's studies)

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authoritative

Back 32

parents are both demanding and responsive. they exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but they also explain reasons for the rules. especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow some exceptions to rules.

Front 33

object permanence

Back 33

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Front 34

conservation

Back 34

the principle (which piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Front 35

ego

Back 35

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, accruing to Freud, mediates among the demands of id, superego, and reality. the ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Front 36

stranger anxiety

Back 36

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Front 37

harlow's study

Back 37

harry and margaret harlow raided monkeys with two artificial mothers, one a bare wire cylinder with a wooden head and an attached feeding bottle, the other a cylinder with no bottle but covered with foam rubber and wrapped with terry clothe. they discovered that the infant monkey preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing mother.

Front 38

pre conventional morality

Back 38

before age 9, most children's morality focuses on self-interest: they obey rules either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.

Front 39

conventional morality

Back 39

by early adolescence, morality focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules, simply because they are the laws and rules.

Front 40

post conventional morality

Back 40

with the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought, people may reach a 3rd moral level. actions are judged "right" because they flow from people's rights or from self-defined, basic ethical principles.

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theory of moral development

Back 41

moral development is a continual process that occurs through lifespan

Front 42

primary sex characteristics

Back 42

the body structures (ovaries, testies, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

Front 43

secondary sex characteristics

Back 43

non reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Front 44

advantage/disadvantages of early physical maturity for boys:

Back 44

stronger/more athletic during early teen years. more popular, self assured, and independent.
more at risk for alcohol use, delinquency, and premature sexual activity.

Front 45

advantages/disadvantages of early physical maturity for girls:

Back 45

can be stressful. if a young girl's body is out of sync with her own emotional maturity and her friends' physical development and experiences, she may be associating with older adolescents or may suffer teasing or sexual harassment.

Front 46

personality

Back 46

a person's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Front 47

freud

Back 47

psychoanalytic theory, proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality.
humanistic approach, focused on our inner capacities for growth and self fulfillment.

Front 48

collective unconscious

Back 48

- id
- superego
- psychosexual stages of development

Front 49

id

Back 49

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, accruing to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drive. the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Front 50

superego

Back 50

the part of personality that, according to freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Front 51

psychosexual stages of development

Back 51

- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital

Front 52

oral (0-18 months)

Back 52

pleasure centers on the mouth, sucking, biting, chewing.

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anal (18-36 months)

Back 53

pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with incestuous sexual feelings.

Front 54

phallic (3-6 years)

Back 54

pleasure zone is genitals; coping with incestuious sexual feelings.

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latency (6 years - puberty)

Back 55

dormant sexual feelings

Front 56

genital (puberty on)

Back 56

maturation of sexual interests

Front 57

oedipal electra complex

Back 57

according to freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

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fixation

Back 58

according to freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

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defense mechanisms

Back 59

in psychoanalytic theory the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Front 60

repression

Back 60

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Front 61

projective testing

Back 61

a personality test, such as Rorschach inkblot test, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.

Front 62

rorschach

Back 62

his test is the most widely use projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Front 63

MMPI

Back 63

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. originally developed to identify emotional disorders. this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Front 64

self concept

Back 64

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the questions "who am i?"

Front 65

unconditional positive regard

Back 65

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

Front 66

genuineness

Back 66

actually possessing the alleged or apparent attribute or character. (core conditions of a good relationship learned from helplessness and cognitive theory)

Front 67

empathy

Back 67

the ability to understand another person's perceptions and feelings; cited by Rogers as a condition for growth.

Front 68

self actualization

Back 68

in Maslows hierarchy of needs, refers to an individuals desire to grow and reach his or her potential. the process of becoming a person in psychological emancipation (Carl Rogers).

Front 69

sublimation

Back 69

in Freud's theory, a defense mechanism whereby energy is redirected towards a socially desirable creative activity

Front 70

displacement

Back 70

forgetting in short-term memory, as a result of to new incoming information replacing the previous contents.

Front 71

rationalization

Back 71

a defense mechanism whereby behavior is explained and justified by offering a reason acceptable to the ego in place of the true reason.

Front 72

projection

Back 72

defense mechanisms whereby which unwanted thoughts are externalized or projected onto someone else.

Front 73

reaction formation

Back 73

a defense mechanism whereby a behavior is displayed that is the opposite of a forbidden impulse. An example would be a man who deals with his homosexual feelings by displaying external resentment towards homosexuals

Front 74

regression

Back 74

in Freudian theory, a defense mechanism whereby an individual reverts to a behavior of an earlier developmental period to prevent anxiety and satisfy current needs.

Front 75

reality principle

Back 75

in Freud's theory, the constraints and set of rules that govern the ego, delaying the ids gratification, by recognition of the demands of the real world.

Front 76

pleasure principle

Back 76

in psychoanalytic theory, the demanding manner by which the id operates, seeking immediate gratification of its needs.

Front 77

castration anxiety

Back 77

1. Anxiety due to fantasized danger or injuries to the genitals and/or body. It may be precipitated by everyday events that have symbolic significance and appear to be threatening, such as loss of a job, loss of a tooth, or an experience of ridicule or humiliation.
2. The fear of having the genitals removed or injured.

Front 78

maslow

Back 78

hierarchy of needs.
extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, all of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans.

Front 79

rogers

Back 79

considered to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research.
own unique approach to understanding personality and human relationships, found wide application in various domains such as psychotherapy and counseling (client-centered therapy), education (student-centered learning), organizations, and other group settings.

Front 80

adler

Back 80

among the co-founders of the psychoanalytic movement as a core member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. He was the first major figure to break away from psychoanalysis to form an independent school of psychotherapy and personality theory.

Front 81

developmental milestones

Back 81

-reflexes
-rooting reflex
-moro reflex

Front 82

reflexes

Back 82

an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus

Front 83

rooting reflex

Back 83

A reflex seen in newborn babies, who automatically turn their face toward the stimulus and make sucking (rooting) motions with the mouth when the cheek or lip is touched. The rooting reflex helps to ensure breastfeeding.

Front 84

moro reflex

Back 84

The Moro reflex is a normal reflex for an infant when he or she is startled or feels like they are falling. The infant will have a "startled" look and the arms will fling out sideways with the palms up and the thumbs flexed.

Front 85

animism

Back 85

the belief that natural objects, natural phenomena, and the universe itself possess souls.

Front 86

centrism

Back 86

avoiding the extremes of right and left by taking a moderate position.

Front 87

evolutionary psychology

Back 87

examines psychological traits — such as memory, perception, or language — from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, that is, the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection.