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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling
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Self-Report
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A series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicated the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately described their own behavior or mental state
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems
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Projective Techniques
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a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individuals personality
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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a projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure.
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Thematic Apperception Test
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a projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people
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Trait
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a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way
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Big Five
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The traits of the five-factor model: Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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Psychodynamic Approach
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an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires, largely operating outside of awareness--motives that can also produce emotional disorders
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Dynamic Unconscious
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an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces
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ID
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the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives.
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Pleasure Principle
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the psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse.
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Ego
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the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands.
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Superego
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the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority.
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Reality Principle
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the regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world.
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Defense Mechanisms
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unconscious coping mechanism hat reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses
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Rationalization
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A defense mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal (mostly from oneself) one's underlying motives or feelings
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Reaction Formation
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a defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite
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Projection
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a defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threating feelings, motives or impulses to another person or group
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Regression
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a defense mechanism in which the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development
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Displacement
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a defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative
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Identification
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a defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope
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Sublimation
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a defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities
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Psychosexual stages
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distinct early life stages through which personality is formed a children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures
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Fixation
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a phenomenon in which a person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck or arrested at a particular psychosexual stage
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Oral Stage
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the first psychosexual stage in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking and being fed
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Anal Stage
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the second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retentions and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training
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Phallic Stage
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the third psychosexual stage during which experience us dominated by the pleasure conflict and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy and conflict
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Oedipus Conflict
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a developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings towards the opposite-sex parent is (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent
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Latency Stage
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the fourth psychosexual stage in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal and athletic skills
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Genital Stage
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the final psychosexual stage, a time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner
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Self-Actualizing Tendency
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the human motive toward realizing our inner potential
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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an attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance toward another person
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Existential Approach
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a school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individuals ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death
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Social Cognitive Approach
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an approach the views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
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Person-Situation Controversy
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the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors
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Personal Contructs
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dimension people use in making sense of their experinces
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Outcome Expectancies
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a person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior
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Locus of Control
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a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external environment
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Self-Concept
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a person's explicit knowledge of his or her behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics
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Self-Verification
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the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept
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Self-Esteem
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the extent to which an individual values, and accepts the self
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Self-Serving Bias
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People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures
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Narcissism
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a trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combines with a tendency to seek admiration from an exploit others
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Medical Model
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the conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms and possible cures
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DSM-IV-TR
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a classification system that describes the feature used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems
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Comorbidity
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the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individula
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
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Anxiety Disorder
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the class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
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Phobic Disorders
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disorders characterized by marked, persistent and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations
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Specific Phobia
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a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function.
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Social Phobia
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a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
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Preparedness Theory
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the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
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Panic Disorder
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A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
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Agoraphobia
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an extreme fear of venturing into public places
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OCD
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a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with and individual's functioning
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Dissociative Disorder
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a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individuals behavior
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Dissociative Amnesia
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the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information
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Dissociative Fugue
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the sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity
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Mood Disorders
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mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
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Major Depressive Disorder
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a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy and sleep and appetite disturbances
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Dysthymia
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a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 years
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Double Depression
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a moderately depressed mood that persists for at leas 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
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Seasonal Effective Disorder (SAD)
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depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
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Helplessness Theory
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the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that internal (their own fault), stable (unlikely to change) and global (widespread)
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Bipolar Disorder
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an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
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Schizophrenia
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a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotions; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behvior
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Delusion
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a false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spire of its irrationality
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Hallucination
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a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation
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Disorganized Speech
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a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic
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Grossly Disorganized Bahvior
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behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
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Catatonic Behavior
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a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
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Negative Symptoms
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emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion
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Dopamine Hypothesis
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the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
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Expressed Emotion
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emotional over involvement (intrusiveness) and excessive criticism directed toward the former patient by his or her family
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Personality Disorder
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disorder chracterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood
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Psychotherapy
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an interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem
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Eclectic Psychotherapy
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treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending of the client and the problem
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Psychodynamic Psychotherapies
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a general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems
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Resistance
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a reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material
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Developing insight during psychoanalysis through:
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free association (say everything), dream analysis, interpretation (of everything the client says and does), analysis of resistance
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Transference
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an event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies
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Interpersonal Psychotherapy
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a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current realtionships
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Behavior Therapy
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a type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors
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Aversion Therapy
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a form of behavior therapy that uses positive punishment to reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior
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Token Economy
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a form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards
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Exposure Therapy
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an approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response
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Systematic Desensitization
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a procedure in which a client relaxes all the muscles of his or her body while imagining being in increasingly frightening situations
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Cognitive Therapy
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a form of psychotherapy that involves helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others or the world
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Cognitive Restructuring
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a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to questions the automatic beliefs, assumptions and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs
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Mindfulness Meditation
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a form of cognitive therapy that teaches and individual to be fully present in each movement, to be aware of his or her thoughts, feelings and sensations and to detect symptoms before they become a problem
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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a blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies
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Person-Centered Therapy
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an approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist
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Gestalt Therapy
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an existentialist approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them
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Group Therapy
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therapy in which multiple participants (who often do not know one another at the outset) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere
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Antipsychotic Drugs
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medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
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Psychopharmacology
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the study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms
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Antianxiety Medications
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drugs that help reduce a person's experience of fear or anxiety
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
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a treatment that involves inducing a mild seizure delivering an electrical shock to the brain
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain
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Phototherapy
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a treatment for seasonal depression that involves repeated exposure to bright light
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Psychosurgery
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surgical destruction of specific brain areas
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Aggression
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behavior whose purpose is to harm another
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Frustration-Aggression Principle
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a principle stating that people aggress when their goals are thwarted
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Cooperation
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behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
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Altruism
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behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself
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Kin Selection
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the process by which evolution selects for genes that cause individuals to provide benefits to their relatives
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Reciprocal Altruism
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behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future
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Group
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a collection of two or more people who believe they have something in common
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Prejudice
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a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership
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Discrimination
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positive or negative behavior toward another person based on their group membership
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In-Group
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a human category of which a person is a member
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Out-Group
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a human category of which a person is not a member
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Deindividuation
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a phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values
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Social Loafing
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the tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than alone
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Bystander Intervention
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the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
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Group Polarization
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the tendency for a group's initial leaning to get stronger over time
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Mere Exposure Effect
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the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure
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Passionate Love
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an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction
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Companionate Love
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an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being
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Social Exchange
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the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits
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Comparison Level
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the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship
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Equity
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a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal
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Social Influence
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the control of one person's behavior by another
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Observational Learning
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learning that occurs when on person observes another person being rewarded or punished
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Norm
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a customary standard for behavior that is widely shared by members of a culture
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Normative Influence
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a phenomenon whereby one person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is appropriate
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Norm of Reciprocity
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the norm that people should benefit those who have benefited them
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Door-in-the-face Technique
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a strategy that uses the reciprocating concessions to influence behavior (ask for something ridiculous...then reduce it...and the other person will agree)
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Conformity
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the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
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Obidience
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the tendency to do what authorities tell us to do simply because they tell us to do it
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Attitude
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an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or an event
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Belief
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an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event
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Informational Influence
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a phenomenon whereby a person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true
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Persuasion
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a phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person
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Systematic Persuasion
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a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to reason
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Heuristic Persuasion
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a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion
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Foot-in-the-door Technique
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a strategy that used a person's desire for consistency to influence that person's behavior
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Cognitive Dissonance
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an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes or beliefs
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Social Cognition
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the processes by which people come to understand others
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Categorization
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the process by which people identify a stimulus as a member of a class of related stimuli
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Stereotyping
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the process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which others belong
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Perceptual Confirmation
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a phenomenon that occurs when observers perceive what they expect to perceive
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Self-Fufilling Prophecy
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a phenomenon whereby observers bring about what they expect to perceive
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Attribution
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an inference about the cause of a person's behavior
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Correspondence Bias
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the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation
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Actor-Observer Effect
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the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors whole making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others
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