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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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psychology |
the science of behavior and mental processes |
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psychiatry |
the study of medical treatment of psychological disorders |
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structuralism |
-an approach to studying psychology in which introspection is used to determine the basic elements of human thought -structuralism attempted to specify how psychological processes occurred only using introspection |
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wilhelm wudnt |
was the founder of structuralism and the first scientific psychologist he opened the first psychology lab in Germany 1879 |
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edward titchner |
was a student of wundt who opened the first psych lab in USA at cornell |
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introspection |
-bad method - does not replicate across individuals -many psychological processes are not open because they are not conscious |
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functionalism |
-an approach to studying psychology that tries to understand the mind by determining purpose -influenced by Darwins theory of evolution - DIDNOT test speculation |
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william james |
was a psychologist at Harvard who founded functionalism -wrote The principles of psychology |
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psychoanalysis |
an approach to studying mental illness that assumes mental illness is caused by subconscious conflicts |
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sigmund freud |
-psychiatrist in Vienna, Austria who speculated that mental illness was caused by subconscious events -not a scientist= did not experiment -developed his ideas based on case studies |
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behavorism |
the scientific study of the relationship between behavior and reinforcement -tried to make psych a rigorous science by only studying variables that are observable - dominant approach in USA between 1940-1960 and developed good theories -declined with inability to provide explanation for many ideas (language) |
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john watson |
is considered the founder of behaviorism and conditioned little albert |
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B.F. skinner |
studied operant conditioning in which behavior is changed by reinforcers |
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cognitive approach |
an approach to studying psych that tries to determine how info is encoded, stored, transformed, and retrieved brain |
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evolutionary approach |
an approach to studying psych in which a researcher tries to develop theories by speculating about what brain structures would have been useful in the environment when the human brain evolves -popular and controversial -similiar to functionalism but capable of being tested |
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physiological psychologoy |
the study of the brain mechanisms underlying behavior -pair bonding in pairie vole |
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sensatin and perception |
the study of how the nervous system recieves and interupts information from senses |
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cognitive psych |
traditionally includes study of attention, memory, language, and problem solving |
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social psych |
studies how people influence and relate to one another |
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counseling and clinical psych |
the study of mental health problems and vocational guidence |
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Why do research?
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-purely applied research is conducted to solve practical problems without seeking underlying explanation -theory testing: seeks to explain and predict psychological phenomena -all good research starts either with a problem to solve or a theory to be tested, NOT with research |
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theory testing |
-works by using the theory to generate predictions about observable events (hypothesis) -if hypothesis generated by the theory fails to come out, then the theory is falsified |
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scientfic theory |
1. a theory is an explanation which means that is describes how something happens rather than just stating the relationship 2. explanation must be falsifiable meaning that there must be some hypothetical facts that would prove the theory wrong 3. must involve entities that cant be directly observed because otherwise the explanation can be verified by direct observation |
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case studies |
a description of the behavior or abilities of a SINGLE individual -psychoanalysts -bias opinions -good for generating ideas bad for testing theories |
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naturalistic observation |
a research technique in which the researcher observes and describes behavior -answering simple questions -DO NOT allow sufficient control to determine relationships between variables |
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correlational approach |
attempts to determine the relationship between variables -best when manipulating the varibles (unethical or impossible) -determine if two variables are related, but cant be used to find casual relationships |
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causation |
a casual relationship exists if a change in one variable results in the change in the other -strength between variables is measured by the co efficient --1 strong negative effect -+1 strong positive effect **closer to 0 the weaker the relationship** |
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experiments |
studies in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable and which have random assignment |
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independent variable |
the variable the researcher manipulates in an experiment -casual relationship between variables |
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dependent variable |
the variable the researcher measures to deteremine the effects of the independent variable -casual relationship between the variables |
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random assignment |
occurs when every person in the experiment has an equally likely chance of being assigned to each level of the independent variable -statistical tests used to determine the exact probability between the two |
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psych a science?? |
-psych attempts to make its own measutments of concepts objective by using operational definitions -uses the scientific method just as much as other sciences -limits on psych because some variables cant be manipulated=NO casual relationship
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operational definition |
-a concept is defined in terms of the variables used to measure it (ex-hunger defined as "hours without food") |
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neuron |
an individual nerve cell 1. dendrite- receives electrical signals form other neurons 2.cell body- contains the nucleus and provides life processes for cell 3.axon- carries electrical signal from the some to terminal buttons 4.terminal buttons- releases neurtransmitter into synapse to the next neuron |
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action potenial |
a spike of electricity that travels down the axon> terminal buttons release neurotransmitter into synapse>neurotransmitter binds to receptor in dendrites>exciting the next neuron |
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pychoactive drugs |
work by altering ho synapses operate (SSRIs - selective saratonin reactive inhibitors- reduce depression) |
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CNS |
brain weighs about 3 pounds and contains 86 billion neurons -regions of brain separated by function: -hindbrain - midbrain -forebrain |
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hindbrain |
-medulla oblangata- controls breathing, heart rate, vomitting -pons- regulates sleep and arousal
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midbrain |
-superior colliculus- controls visual reflexes -inferior colliculus- controls auditory reflexes -substantia nigra- involved in movement. *death of neurons= parkinsons** |
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forebrain |
-cortex- outer surface (wrinkly part) -hypothalamus- regulates the four Fs -feeding -fighting -fleeing -mating ;) (smell) -amygdala- controls emotional responses, particularly fear -hippocampus- encodes long term memory -basal ganglia- reward system of the brain |
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hippocampus |
-short term--> long term memory -HM is a famous patient who had his hippocampus removed - he could not form new memories after the operation |
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burnham and phelans -basal ganglia |
-constantly strive to improve our material situation -BG has been wired up to reward us briefly in material success, but then for happiness to fade so we will continue to strive -punishes us when we are experience negative events, emotional pain fades quick -expectation vs realization |
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advice for making someone happy |
1. give people good surprises 2. under promise/over preform 3. choose a job that allows advancement |
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cerebral cortex |
responsible for higher level functions (cognition and perception) -3mm thick with wrinkles to increase surface area |
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lobes of cortex |
frontal occipital parietal temporal |
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frontal lobe |
responsible for planning, interpreting emotions, houses the motor cortex, and is responsible for speech production -phineas gage= bar through frontal lobe (got removed) completely different person |
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temporal lobe |
houses the primary auditory cortex, performs speech comprehension, and visual recognition -visual agnosia- inability to identify objects visually) they can see but can not speak the word |
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parietal lobe |
houses the somatosensory cortex (used for touch), navigation, and math ability -hemispatial neglect- ignore half of the visual plane |
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occipital lobe |
houses the primary visual cortex -used entirely for vision -achromatopisa (complete color blindness) (patient J) |
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CEREBRAL cortex |
right and left hemispheres -communicate with each other via corpus callosum -sensory and motor systems in each hemisphere send and receive inputs from opposite sides of body |
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left hemisphere |
-speech production: broca's area is in the left frontal lobe and is responsible for speech production -brocas aphasia- inability to speak fluently -speech comprehension- wernicke's area is in the left temporal lobe - wernicke's aphasia- inability to understand or produce coherent speech |
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right hemisphere |
-faces are identified -music appears to be processed -spacial ability- metal rotation |
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sperrys splice brain |
-studied people who cut the corpus callosum to cure epilepsy -no longer communicate between left and right -opperate independently -working against each other (2 people trapped in 1 body) |
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sleep |
brain waves are co-ordinated activity by the nervous system in which large number of neurons fire together -measured by EEG (brain waves) -waking waves: alpha (shorter and irregular)
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NREM1 |
person is relaxed and brain waves start to get slightly longer |
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NREM2 |
-10 min after NREM1 -brain waves get slower (THETA waves) -sleep spindles(short high bursts of activity)= reduce the brains sensitivity to sensory input -when people awake they deny they were sleeping
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NREM3 |
begins about 15 mins after NREM2 -brain waves get slower (DELTA waves) -groggy when wakes up -nighttares most frequently occur (nonnarrative) - |
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REM (rapid eye movement) |
-sleep begins 45 min after stage 3 -brain waves look like stage 1 waves -body is paralyzed by the pons and muscles relax -easily wakened by stimuli (sound of name) -alert and report almost all dreaming -sleep cycle starts all over every 90 minutes |
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sleep importance |
-physiologically necessary for all vertebrates -2 theories -circadian theory - recuperation theory
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circadian theory |
-sleep has evolved to keep animals inactive during times of the day when they do not need to be active -dark light cycle - melatonin released when dark=drowsiness |
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recuperative theory |
-animals sleep in order to provide time for the body to repair itself -mentally taxing days produce more NREM3 sleep |
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sleep depervation |
randy gardner: stayed awake for 264 hours. -irritable after the first day -hallucinating after the 4th day -greatest affects on brain -REM and NREM3 sleep harm consolidation of memory -planning functions become slower and more error prone (frontal lobe) -driving at 24 hours is = 0.1% blood alcohol |
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dreams |
-external stimuli are incorrporated into dreams -people percieve time in dreams -people can learn how to lucid dream
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meaning of dreams |
-freud believed that dreams contain symbols that reveal unconscious mind -calvin Hall collected 30 years of dreams=real life
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activation synthesis theory |
-hobson and mccarley -circuits in the amygadala bombard the cortex with random signals during REM sleep. dreams are the cortex's effort to make sense of the signal -dreams are chaotic and largely negative -hippocampus is surpressed during dreaming likely so that people wont remember their dreams |
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sensation |
-the initial process of encoding environmental energy |
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perception |
the process of interpreting the information received from senses |
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early visual processes |
-cornea and the lens bend light from environment to crete an image on the retina (layer of nerve cells at the back of the eye) |
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photoreceptors |
rods and cones -convert light, do not support color, vision, and are used in high illumination |
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cones |
smaller less sensitive to light can be used to see color and in high illumination |
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rods |
larger very sensitive to light do not support color vision used in low illumination |
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optic nerve |
each retina is connected to the brain and consists of over a million ganglion cells |
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color vision |
3 different kinds of cones that give the greatest response to different wave length -on the X chromosome |
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monochronats |
have only one cone type and see in black and white |
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dichromats |
have only 2 cone types and see in either -red-green -blue-yellow |
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anomalous trichromat |
have only 1 cone type with an abnormal pigment -they have trouble distinguishing shades of color ***most popular***
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tetrachromats |
have four cone types can see 100 times as many colors as a normal trichromat |
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ganglion cells |
-cones are connected to ganglion cells -3 types -red green - blue yellow - black white -after images= ganglion cells are fatigued
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form perception |
-face recognition is different than recognizing objects 1. different parts are responsible for different tasks 2. faces are harder to recognize in negative 3. faces are more difficult to recognize when upside down |
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attractivness of face |
1. more symmetrical the face is 2. closer they look to the population 3. if the features are exaggerated sex specific |
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change blindness |
-people often miss large changes in scenes because the form perception areas can only process a small part of the scene at any one time |
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motion perception |
areas located in the parietal lobe of the brain and produce after effects if they are fatigued -damage= akinetopsia (motion blindness)
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depth perception |
- depth cues=rules to determine where objects are located in depth -binocular disparity- make 3D movies |
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ames room |
-manipulates depth cues to make you think both corners of the room at the same distance away |
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muller-lyer illusion |
manipulating vertices to make one line appear to be bulging toward you and the other away from you |
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ponzo illusion |
-the railroad tracks have depth cues that make the top bar look further away and thus bigger |
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hearing |
sound waves are pressure changes in the atmosphere capable of being detected by auditory organs -tympanic membrane to vibrate>moving the ossicles>vibrate oval window>transfers fluid in the cochlea |
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hair cells |
present along basilar membrane -hair cells vibrate releasing neurotransmitter that causes an action potential in auditory nerve |
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speech perception |
-influenced by visual information |
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vestibular senses |
-found in the inner ear and used to tell the brain about the orientation and movement of body -utricle - semi circular canals |
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utricle |
-a vestibular organ that indicates changes in linear acceleration and head tilt |
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semi circular canals |
-that indicates changes in rotary acceleration
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oculogryal illusion |
after spinning around, people often experience paradoxical motion in which the world appears to be spinning but visually remains in the same place -motion sickness: dissociation between the visual and vestibular senses |
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somatosensory senses |
touch, pain, and temp -receptors= meissnar and pacinian - output is sent to the cortex in the paritiel lobe>area determines sensitivity of the body part |
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congenital analgesia |
a disorder in which an individual is born incapable of feeling pain |
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chemical senses |
used to detect chemical irritants -receptors for the common chemical senses are found in the mouth nose and eyes -taste and smell |
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taste |
-receptors in the mouth for salt, sour, sweet, umami (glutamate-meat)
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smell |
receptors in nose embedded in the tissue region called the olfactory mucosa - olfactory cells likely respond either to some part of the shape or the vibration of molecules that bind to them |
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sensory memory |
after a stimulus has been presented to the senses, they continue responding for approx 1/10th of a second after **shortest** high capacity
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short term/working memory |
a short duration and limited capacity form of storage that precedes storage into the long term memory -lasts only seconds **auditory rehearsal is most effective** |
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explicit memories |
memories that are consciously available such as facts and personal experiences. -hippocampus is necessary to store explicit |
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implicit memory |
are memories of how to do things -basal ganglia store implicit memories |
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rajan mahadevan |
appears to have an innate ability to remember numbers - 60,000 numbers of pi |
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S |
journalist whose brain was able to form associations with multiple senses of everything he encountered |
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peg word method |
each number is associated with a rhyming word that is then used for imagery -1 fun 7 heaven 2 zoo 8 gate 3 tree 9 4 door 10 hen 5 hive 6 sick |
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method of luci |
items to be remembered are placed along a well known path -use of ALL 3 senses |
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aging and memory |
-implicit memory (how do things work) not effected -semantic memory (facts and vocab) is actually better with age -episodic memory (events) is most effected - what you had for breakfast? -short term memory does not decline but manipulating short term memory declines |
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alzheimers |
causes the hippocampus and cortex to shrink significantly |
