Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
consciousness |
moment-to-moment awareness of internal and external stimuli (ourselves and our environment) |
|
|
4 characteristics of consciousness |
1. subjective and private: you cannot directly enter others' experiences and they cannot directly enter yours 2. dynamic (everchanging): we drift in and out of various stages throughout the day 3. self-reflective & central to sense of self: the mind is aware of its consciousness 4. Selectively attentive: conscious awareness on some stimuli to the exclusion of others |
|
|
3 ways to measure states of consciousness |
1. self-report: people describe their inner experiences (subjective) 2. physiological measures ex: EEG recordings (objective) 3. behavioural measures special performance on special tasks ex: rouge test (objective) |
|
|
Freud's 3 levels of awareness |
1. Conscious: thoughts, perceptions & mental events we are currently aware of 2. Preconscious: mental events outside current awareness but can easily be recalled under specific circumstances (ex: childhood friend's name) 3. Unconscious: mental events that cannot be brought into conscious awareness under ordinary circumstances otherwise it would arouse negative emotions |
|
|
how do cognitive psychologists' view of the unconscious differ from Freud? |
cognitive: unconscious is a complementary form of mental processing that is not driven by repressed urges and conflicts freud: adversary to conscious mind and must be repressed |
|
|
Automatic Processing & pros and cons |
processing that involves little or no effort ex: well-learned/routine activities (eating, typing) pro: divided attention (performing multiple activities at a time), execution of highly complex activities with minimal conscious thought (autopilot) con: lowers chance of new ways to solve problems, not paying full attention can be dangerous in some activities (ex: distracted driving) |
|
|
can nonconscious processes influence emotional responses? |
subliminal effects influence our mood |
|
|
the case of DF |
-lost consciousness due to carbon monoxide -visual agnosia when she regained consciousness -could not recognize people or objects by sight -knows that they are there, movement in tact -proves there are different pathways in brain |
|
|
blindsight |
-report they cannot see -respond to visual stimuli -usually accurately perceive stimuli -visual info processed outside of consciousness & influences behaviour |
|
|
modular mind model |
the mind consists of separate modules that interact to produce the unified consciousness we experience |
|
|
circadian rythms |
daily biological cycles 24 hour cycle in which our bodily functions undergoes changes that allow us to transfer between states of wakefulness and sleep |
|
|
how does the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) regulate circadian rhythms? |
SCN links to the pineal gland which secretes melatonin (relaxing hormone) SCN regulates melatonin level through their effect on the pineal gland |
|
|
when is the SCN most active? |
SCN neurons are most active during the day so they can reduce the pineal gland's secretion of melatonin (raises body temp & heightens awareness) in the night, the SCN lets the pineal gland secrete melatonin so you can sleep |
|
|
free-running circadian rhythms |
a longer "natural" day-to-night cycle |
|
|
where is the SCN located? |
in the hypothalamus |
|
|
why are blind people more likely to have free running circadian rhythms? |
blind people are completely insensitive to light and the SCN is light sensitive so it will not regulate pineal gland's melatonin secretion to match daylight hours |
|
|
who is morningness more prevalent in? |
older adults & people from warmer climates are more likely to be morning people |
|
|
william james - stream of consciousness |
-sensible continuous -states are always changing -changes are never absolutely abrupt |
|
|
seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
-extra sensitive to light -season change comes with change in sunrise/daylight times -circadian clocks pushed back an unusual degree |
|
|
freud's psychodynamic personalities & their brain locations |
1. Id: limbic system instinctive sexual and aggressive drives (unconscious) 2. Ego: posterior cortex mediates between id and superego (conscious & preconscious) 3. Superego: frontal cortex morals (conscious & preconscious) |
|
|
jung's levels of consciousness |
1. ego; conscious (daily activities) 2. personal unconscious (personal experiences including repressed ones, unique to individuals) 3. collective unconscious: archetypes; universal experiences that are the most inaccessible |
|
|
psychogenesis of man: stages of conscious evolution (Bucke) |
1. simple consciousness: awareness of environment (shortly after birth) -occurs in many species 2. self-consciousness awareness of oneself (around age 3-4) -unique to humans 3. cosmic consciousness sense of immortality and awareness of all life (adults rarely reach it but could happen around 30-40 as we evolve) |
|
|
EEG patterns from alert to asleep |
beta (b) - alert problem solving alpha (a)- deep relaxation, meditation theta (q)- light sleep delta (d)- deep sleep (frequency less than 4 but high irregular altitude) *EEG frequency decreases at each level |
|
|
how to treat SAD |
phototherapy: exposure to light can shift circadian rythms |
|
|
why is it easier to adjust to jet lag from travelling west? |
-west = extended days -more like free-running circadian rhythm |
|
|
characteristics of beta waves |
high frequency, low amplitude (awake & alert) |
|
|
sleep stages |
beta waves (awake)
alpha waves (relaxed & drowsy) Stage 1 sleep (theta waves: light sleep) Stage 2 sleep (sleep spindles) Stage 3 sleep (delta waves start to occur) Stage 4 sleep ( delta waves dominate EEG) Stage 3 Stage 2 REM sleep |
|
|
sleep spindles |
periodic bursts of rapid brain activity characteristic of stage 2 |
|
|
REM sleep |
-when vivid, storylike dreams occur -sleep paralysis -paradoxical sleep ( body v aroused but no movement) |
|
|
sleep thoughts |
'dreams' during non-REM sleep (stages 123432) -not story-like, closer to daytime thoughts |
|
|
what happens to stages 3 and 4 (slow-wave sleep) as hours pass? |
slow-wave sleep (stage 3 &4) drops out and REM periods become longer |
|
|
which areas help regulate sleep onset and REM sleep? |
basal forebrain & brain stem (where reticular formation passes through the pons) |
|
|
how do sleep patterns change as we age? ( change in sleep, slow-wave, REM ) |
-we sleep less as we age - REM decreases during infancy and earl childhood but becomes stable after that -the amount of slow-wave sleep decreases as we age (less stage 3 & 4) |
|
|
3 types of sleep deprivation |
1. short term ( <45 hours without sleep) 2. long term (>45 hours without sleep) 3. partial (no more than 5 hrs per night consecutively) |
|
|
effects of sleep deprivation |
1. mood changes 2. cognitive performance 3. physical performance |
|
|
restoration model of sleep |
we sleep to recharge our rundown bodies and recover from physical and mental fatigue we need sleep to live & function at our best we sleep longer when we exercise |
|
|
what gets restored when we sleep? |
researchers unsure but they believe adenosine (a cellular waste product) levels decrease |
|
|
evolutionary/circadian model of sleep |
we sleep to increase our chance of survival dangerous to leave shelter of home at night therefore higher chance of survival if you sleep at night circadian cycles adapt to |
|
|
research to support that REM sleep is vital for mental functions |
REM rebound sleep (making up for lack of REM when deprived) |
|
|
insomnia & its causes |
chronic difficulty with sleep genetics, mental disorders & drugs can cause it |
|
|
narcolepsy & a major side effect |
extreme daytime sleepiness & uncontrollable sleep attacks cataplexy: sudden loss of muscle tone similar to sleep paralysis during REM |
|
|
REM-sleep behaviour (RBD) |
loss of muscle tone that causes sleep paralysis does not occur can be v dangerous |
|
|
sleepwalking |
-occurs during slow-wave sleep (stage 3 & 4) -vague consciousness of environment -awakening them is most common treatment (more prevalent in kids) |
|
|
nightmares vs Night terrors/ sleep terrors |
nightmares: less intense, during REM, physiological arousal similar to pleasant dreams night terrors: more intense, during slow-wave (stage 3&4), greatly elevated physiological arousal, less likely to rememer |
|
|
hypnagenic state |
transition from wakefulness (beta) to early stage 2 |
|
|
why do we dream more during REM sleep? |
brain activity is higher and we dream more when brain activity is high |
|
|
why is brain activity higher in the final hours of sleep? |
circadian sleepwake cycle is preparing us to rise for a new day |
|
|
typical dream content |
-similar environments & experiences -negative content -experiences & current concerns can shape dreams |
|
|
why do we dream according to freud & two types of dream content? |
wish fulfillment: we dream to gratify unconscious desires and needs that are too unacceptable to be fulfilled in real life manifest content: what dreamer reports latent content: disguised psych meaning |
|
|
activation-synthesis theory |
the reason we have dreams is because it is a by-product of REM neural activity; dreams serve no function, they are just the bet fit to random neural activity |
|
|
problem-solving dream models |
we can find creative solutions to problems bc we are not constrained by reality |
|
|
cognitive process dream theories |
-based on modular model -dreaming and waking produced by same mental systems -rapid content shifts common to both sleeping and waking |
|
|
once drugs get past the brain-blood barrier what do they do? |
they either facilitate or inhibit synaptic transmission |
|
|
agonist vs antagonist |
agonist: increase neurotransmitter activity & activates receptor site blocks reuptake antagonist: decreases neurotransnitter activity (impairs ability to synthesize), but does not activate receptor site drug binds with receptor site in both cases |
|
|
tolerance |
decreasing responsivity to drug over time (will need to take larger doses for same effect) |
|
|
why does tolerance occur? |
our body tries to maintain homeostasis |
|
|
compensatory responses |
reactions to the opposite to the drug's effects |
|
|
withdrawal |
compensatory responses continue when the person is not taking the drug |
|
|
why do addicts experience increased cravings in certain settings? |
the environmental stimuli associated with drugs triggers compensatory responses which causes withdrawal symptoms (classical conditioning) |
|
|
does drug tolerance always lead to significant withdrawal? |
sometimes but not always |
|
|
is physiological dependence the main cause of drug addiction? |
psychological dependence also contributes |
|
|
how do depressants work? |
they decrease NS activity |
|
|
how does alcohol affect the brain? |
it is a depressant: -increases GABA -inhibitory neurotransmitter that decreases brain activity -decreases glutamate -excitatory neurotransmitter decreases so brain activity decreases even more |
|
|
effects of alcohol |
-less inhibition -alcohol myopia (shortsightedness) in thinking -inability to pay as much attention as when sober (focus on cues only & dont consider LT effects) |
|
|
barbiturates |
-sleeping pills -depressants |
|
|
tranquilizers |
-anti-anxiety -depressant |
|
|
stimulants |
increase neural firing and arouse nervous system |
|
|
amphetamines |
-increase dopamine & norepinephrine activity -ex: crystal meth |
|
|
amphetamine psychosis |
schizophrenia-like delusions and hallucinations caused by increased dopamine they experience a crash after because neurons' norepinephrine and dopamine supplies depleted |
|
|
cocaine |
-exciation and euphoria -mild withdrawal symptoms |
|
|
opiates |
-morphine, codeine, heroin -pain relief & mood changes (euphoria) -opiates bind to endorphins & increase dopamine |
|
|
hallucinogens |
-powerful mind-altering drugs that produce hallucinations -mescaline (natural), LSD/acid & angel dust (synthetic) -can cause paranoia |
|
|
marijuana (THC) |
-THC resembles cannabinoids -increases GABA (slows down NS, relaxes) -increases dopamine (pleasurable effects) -does not cause amotivational syndrome -cancer-causing |
|
|
how did twin studies prove genetic influence in alcoholism? |
alcoholism in biological parents effected but not in adopted parents |
|
|
hypnotic induction |
a process that creates context for hypnosis (relax subject and increase concentration) |
|
|
can everyone be hypnotized? |
no -depends on hypnotic susceptibility scales -10% not at all, 10% for sure, the rest lie in between -people cannot be hypnotized against their will |
|
|
what proves that hypnosis can increase pain tolerance? |
brain-imaging research |
|
|
pseudomemories |
false memories created by hypotism |
|
|
does hypnosis increase memory? |
no |
|
|
dissociation theory |
hypnosis is an altered state involving a division (dissociation) of consciousness division of awareness: one stream responds to hypnotist the other is a hidden observer |
|
|
social cognitive theories |
perceptual set motivates participants to be hypnotized |
