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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is personality?
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an individual’s characteristic pattern
of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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what is social psychology?
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focuses on differences in thinking, feeling, and acting across situations
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what is a trait
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a characteristic pattern of behaviour; a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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what are the big five personality factors?
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openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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according to freud what is the unconscious?
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according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
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what is the id?
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contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy; strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
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what is the superego?
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the part of personality that presents
internalized ideals; provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations |
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what is the ego?
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the largely conscious, “executive” part
of personality; mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
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what are feuds psychosexual stages (define and list)
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the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones; oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
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what is an oedipus complex?
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a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father (castration anxiety)
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what is an electra complex?
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a girl’s sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother (manifestation of penis envy).
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what is identification in personality development?
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the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing supereg
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what is fixation in personality development?
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a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
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what is a defense mechanism?
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␣Mental processes of self-deception.
␣The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety or sense of insecurity by unconsciously distorting reality. |
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what is repression as a defense mechanism
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the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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what is displacement as a defense mechanism
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shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
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what is sublimation as a defense mechanism
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Re-direct one’s energies towards activities that are valued by society.
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what is reaction formation as a defense mechanism?
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defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
␣people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings |
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what is projection as a defense mechanism?
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defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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what is rationalization as a defense mechanism?
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defense mechanism that offers self- justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.
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what is regression as a defense mechanism?
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defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
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what is a projective test?
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a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
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what is reciprocal determinism?
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the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
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what are the internal/external loci of control?
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the perception that one controls one’s own fate vs. the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate
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what is learned helplessness?
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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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what are individualism and collectivism in self concept?
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giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications vs. giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
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what is self concept?
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the sum total of a persons belief about his own attributes
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what are self-schemas?
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beliefs people hold about themselves that guide the processing of self-relevant information
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what is schematicity?
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the extent to which a self-schema is central to a persons self-concept (schematic - schema is central vs. aschematic - its not)
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what are the consequences of schematicity?
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rapid judgments of self, reconstruction of events in schema-consisten manner, rejection of inconsistent info, perceive/judge others in terms of schema relevant dimensions
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what is the independent self?
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view of self as an entity that is distinct, autonomous, self-contained, and endowed w/ unique dispositions
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what is the interdependent self?
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view of self as part of a larger social network in which harmonious relationships w/ others are more important than self-expression
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what are four methods of self-enhancement?
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self-handicapping, basking in reflected glory, downward social comparison, self-serving cognitions
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describe self-discrepancy theory
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comparisons of the self to self-standards alters emotional states (actual self, ought self-guide, ideal self-guide)
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describe attribution theory
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tendency to give causal explanation for someone's behaviour, often by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition (personal or situational)
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what are the 3 parts of kelley's covariation theory?
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consistency - consistent over time, consensus - how do others react to same stimulus, distinctiveness - do they react the same or differently to different stimuli
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what is the acto/observer discrepancy?
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tendency to make personal attributions for the behaivour of others and situational attributions for ourselves for the same behaviour
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what 3 factors influence impression formation?
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person positivity bias, trait negativity bias, primacy effect
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what is the difference between a stereotype and prejudice?
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stereotype - organized set of knowledge or beliefs about any group of people, prejudice - negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in a group
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what is the self-fulfilling prophecy?
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process by which one's expectations about a person lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations
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what is the implicit association test (IAT)
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indirect measure of attitudes; measures speed with which one responds to pairings of concepts
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what are the 4 types of factors influencing message learning theory
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source factors, message factors, recipient factors, channel factors
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what is cognitive dissonance theory?
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people are motivated to maintain consistency among their cognitions, when two cognitive elements are inconsistent w/ one another dissonance occurs - psychologically uncomfortable
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what happened in festinger and carlsmith's experiment w/ dissonant behaviour
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performed boring task, received $0 and left, $1, or $20 and told next people it was fun, $1 said the task wasn't that boring
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what are the dissonance effects?
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inconsistent behaviour, forced choice, effort justification
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what is social influence?
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the ways in which people exert influence on the behaviours and attitudes of others
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describe asche's conformity experiment
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participants would go along with the wrong answer b/c other people chose the line that didn't match
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what is informational influence in conformity?
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people conform b/c they believe others are correct in their judgements
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what is normative influence in conformity?
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people conform b/c they fear the consequences of being deviant
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what are the two types of conformity?
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private conformity - changes in overt behaviour and beliefs, public conformity - superficial change in overt behaviour only
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describe milgram's experiment on obedience
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participants were asked to give a shock to the learner for every incorrect answer
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explain consistency in behaviour
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desire for our attitudes to be consistent w/ behaviour
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what is the foot in the door technique w/ regards to compliance?
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two-step compliance technique in which the influencer prefaces the real request by first getting the person to comply w/ a smaller request (works b/c it changes how they see themselves)
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what is the door in the face technique w/ regards to compliance?
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two-step compliance technique in which influencer prefaces the real request with a request that is so large it is likely to be rejected (works b/c influencer appears to be giving something up so you should too)
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what is prosocial behaviour?
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behaviour intended toward helping another person
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what is altruism?
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motive to increase anothers welfare without conscious regard for ones self interests
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what factors influence prosocial behaviour?
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characteristics of helper (empathy, mood) characteristics of person in need (attractiveness, attributions of responsibility) helper/receiver characteristics (similarity, closeness)
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what is interpersonal attraction?
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a persons desire to approach another person
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what characteristics of a person factor into determining interpersonal attraction?
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need for affiliation, need for intimacy, social anxiety
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what characteristics of the target factor into determining interpersonal attraction?
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physical attractiveness, behaviour (how much does the target like the person, selectivity)
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what is attachment style?
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tendency to develop and maintain interpersonal relationships; postulated to develop in childhood as a response to relationship w/ mother
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what are the two dimensions to attachment?
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anxiety - extent to which a person worries about being abandoned/rejected by others, avoidance - extent to which a person feels comfortable w/ closeness and emotional intimacy in relationships
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what are 3 attachment styles?
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secure, high anxiety, high avoidance
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what is social exchange theory?
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people are motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in relationships (investment model builds on it w/ commitment to maintain a relationship b/c you're psychologically attached to it)
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what is social facilitation?
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increase in a person's performance of a task b/c of the presence of others
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what is social interference/inhibition
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decline in a person's performance of a task b/c of presence of others (task is difficult)
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why does social facilitation occur?
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mere presence theory, evaluation apprehension theory, distraction conflict theory
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when does groupthink occur
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need for agreement takes priority over motivation to obtain accurate info and make appropriate decisions
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what factors lead to groupthink?
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homogeneous members, isolation, directive leadership, unsystematic procedures, stress
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