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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory
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The capacity to store and retrieve information - gives us conscious access to all the information that we have ever decided to keep
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Collective Social Pasts
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Like, everyone's memories of 9/11
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Continuity
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Memory gives us a continuity of experience from one day to the next
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Modal Model
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input ->Sensory Memory -> Short term memory -><- long term memory
Model states that as stuff is processed more and more it goes deeper into a more complicated system |
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Sensory Store
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Copying the information in the environment exactly how you perceive it
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Iconic Store
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Visual - lasts on 1/2 second - It gives us a chance to take an extra peak at the world -- can hold 9-11 items
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Echoic Store
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Auditory -- Lasts for several seconds -- Responsible for holding together information so you can peace it together and make sense of it (language)
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Some studies show that you remember everything...but
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you can only hold it for a short period of time -- if you are only asked for a part of it you remember all of it
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Short Term Memory
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Provides initial coding - first start to put meaning on information -- where we decide whether or not we want the information
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Rehersing
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Repetition -- Allows us to keep information in our memories forever
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Meaning
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Moves information into long term memory
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Working Memory
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Short term memory -- decides what will make it into Long Term Memory
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Long Term Memory
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Where everything is stored
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Reconstructive Memory
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When we piece together memories by what must have happened (like knowing what you did a year ago cause you knew when your classes were)
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Studies by Penfield on people with seizures
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He operated on their brains and stimulated their brains electrically and patients would remember things spontaneously -- this indicates that the information is in there by we sometimes don't remember it because we can't get to it
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Serial Recall
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Remember a list in order
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Free Recall
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Remembering in general
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Cued recall
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Pairs of items - one word cues the other word
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Declarative Memories
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Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or fact that we have learned in the past
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Procedural memories
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Procedures of how we do things
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Implicit Memory
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retrieving information and knowledge without being aware that we are - like writing - automatic
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Explicit memory
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Conscious memories
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Semantic Memories
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Consist of general world knowledge that is not tied to our experiences
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Episodic Memory
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Memory for specific events that have happened to the person having the memory. Usually remembered as a personal experience that occurred at a particular time and place. Episodic and semantic memory make up declarative memory
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Working Memory model
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Working memory has two main parts - visual that phonological - that frequently happen in one model and then and overriding process
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Visuoapatial Sketchpad
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In working memory - holds and processes visual and spatial information - Iconic memory is much shorter
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Concept
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the fundamental unit of knowledge - the concept of an apple is that it is a fruit and is red
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category
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A higher level of knowledge - more broad and often contains many concepts, like fruit
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Features
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Elements that uniquely define a category - dogs are furry and walk on 4 legs
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Prototype theory
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Our understanding of what belongs in a particular category are based on a good example of it or an average - based on knowledge and experience
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Exemplar
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Your understanding of the spread of the category
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Semantic Network
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Says that knowledge is represented in terms of a hierarchy -- semantics means language -- the meaning of things -- this is a model based on the names of things and the names of descriptions of things
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Autobiographical memory is
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integrated into everything we know, is episodic memory and contributes knowledge -- can be linked to sensory and perceptual information. It is also idiosyncratic (it is unique to you)
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Wagenaar and Linton
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Made index cards -- found that they had best memory for most recent things, and that it was hardest to remember when
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Lifetime Periods
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High school, college....
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General Events: Scripts/Schemas
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This could be taking a trip - you have a general set of events as your framework to coming to a memory
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Event Specific Knowledge
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Very specific things that happened - the first day of school
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Facts about autobiographic memory
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Takes longer to retrieve than other memory -- this is because it is being constructed as opposed to be reproduced -- there are changes in the way that is remembered (like remembering it differently over time) -- very narrative - often includes turning points, big markers and reconstructed ideas of what happened in our lives
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Flashbulb memory
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Memories that occur from very startling events -- like 9/11 -- can be very inaccurate
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Hunt and Love -- VP
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Had very good memory because he assigned meaning to everything
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Phonological Loop
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Holding in a speech for a little while so that we can understand it -- meaning
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Central Executive
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The higher process that looks over the visual and phonological processes -- makes decisions about what to expect and what sorts of things to pay attention to
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Connectionist model
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Things are organized based on meaning, and that things that are similar in meaning and organized closer together, in the sense that those neurons fire more quickly than unrelated neurons
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Knowledge is a...
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Process - it is always changing and rearranging depending on new information coming in
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Encoding
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The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory
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Retrieval
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the process of remembering information that has been stored in long term memory
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Conrad's experiment
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Presented subjects with 6 letters and then covered them up and asked participants to write them down in the order they saw them - serial recall -- found that people mix up letters that SOUND alike -- information the is encoded in STM is encoded by sound
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Baddeley - words
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Presented participants with a list of words that were acoustically confusing and words that were not acoustically confusing - they mixed up the acoustically confusing words -- then he gave a list of words with similar meaning, and a list of words without any meaning. No difference...so STM involves sound, not meaning
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Grossman and Eagle
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Gave a list of 40 words, took it away, waited 5 minutes. Made a new list, with 80 words, 9 were the original words, and 9 were synonyms of original - the synonyms did confuse the reader -- meaning is important in LTM
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Metamemory
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To use your understanding of the information to organize it in aw way that will allow you to hold that information: the idea of knowing how to encode information
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Massed
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Practicing or learning something in a short space, not across a large amount of time
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Distributed
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Practicing or learning something over a period of time
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Mnemonics devices
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Memorizing techniques - impose meaning to things that do not have meaning
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Chaik and TUlving
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Wanted to know about elaboration and encoding. Had participants look at the physical structure of the word, such as is it capital? Then they looked at the words acoustically and rhymes...but participants ALWAYS remembered more words when they were semantically presented with the words -- the deeper you go into the cognitive system, the better your chances are of getting the info out
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Self-referencing effect
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If in any way, you can relate something personal to the information you are remembering, chances are much better that you will remember it
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Sternberg (Retrieval)
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Found that people use serial processing in STM to recall a list
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Exhaustive
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Going through all the list, all the numbers and then make the decision on whether the presented number matches or not
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Self-terminating
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You go through each number and make a decision on whether it is a match or note - when you have a match you stop searching
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Conclusion of Short term memory
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STM used serial processing and exhaustive searching. Exhaustive processing is quicker in terms of cognitive processing; it takes less work to make a decision on all the items at once instead of every item, one by one
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we are much better at remembering things if we have...
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cues...cued recall is much easier than free recall -- so memory is not a storage problem, but a retrieval problem
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Bower found that...
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When people are given information in an organized manner (hierarchy) they remember more
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Interference
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If we give you something to remember, and then later give you something else does it get harder to remember the early stuff?
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After a whole bunch of trails
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It gets harder and harder to remember the string of letters
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Proactive interference
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When stuff that you have previously learned interferes with what you are learning now
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Retroactive interference
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When new learning interferes with what you had learned in the past
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