Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Values; Facts |
Pro-life versus pro-choice |
|
|
Frued's Theory |
Unconscious process of mind, transference |
|
|
Nature vs Nurture |
Allowing nature to play it's course versus aiding the subject |
|
|
Gene Environment Interaction |
when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways |
|
|
Heritability |
A statistic used in breeding and genetics works that estimates how much variation in a phenotypic trait in a population is due to genetic variation among individuals in that population |
|
|
Subjective experience versus objective experience |
subjective = student's answer ?'s from own experience objective = facts |
|
|
Carl Jung |
founded analytical psychology |
|
|
Collective Unconscious |
Ancestral memory and experience |
|
|
Method of Loci |
use visualization to organize and recall info |
|
|
Spacing Effect |
more effective than cramming, multiple shorter study-sessions versus one larger session |
|
|
Metacognition |
thinking about thinking process |
|
|
Nueroscience |
a branch of biology, study of nervous system |
|
|
Individualist |
independent person |
|
|
Collectivist |
group oriented person, work together to help everyone |
|
|
"Opposites attract" |
false |
|
|
Computer Metaphor and Cognitive Psychology |
processor = metabolic rate in brain RAM = short term memory hard drive = long term memory |
|
|
Hermann Ebbinghaus word lists |
discovered the spacing effect |
|
|
Replication |
when scientists replicate other scientists past experiments |
|
|
Conceptual to measured variables |
paradigm effect |
|
|
'statistically significant' |
p-value > .05, meaning that the results of the experiment would happen by random chance less than 5% of the time |
|
|
nueron |
a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell. |
|
|
What influences the way people act most? |
Society |
|
|
Hippocampus |
part of brain related to memory, emotions, and learning. Damage to this can lead to dimentia |
|
|
Amygdala |
part of the brain that processes emotions, mainly fear (phobias) |
|
|
Corpus Callosum |
located on both right and left hemisphere (lets both sides communicate), appears as a bundle of nerves |
|
|
Brain injury and age |
Plasticity is better the younger we are |
|
|
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
pulses to the brain, commonly used to treat depression |
|
|
Sympathetic |
Excitation; pupils dilated, tense, muscles tighten |
|
|
Parasympathetic |
Rest; person is relaxed |
|
|
Neurogenesis |
process of making new neurons |
|
|
Central Nervous System (CNS) |
consists of the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Surface area of the cortex and IQ |
positive correlation, 70% of the surface area |
|
|
Transduction |
process in which physical signals from the environment are converted into neural signals and sent to the brain |
|
|
Sensation |
No meaning |
|
|
Rods & Cones |
Rods = help you see in dark Cones = help you see in light |
|
|
Electromagnetic Spectrum & Visible Light |
narrow band of visible light, from 400 to 700 nanometers |
|
|
Retina |
consists of receptors in back of eye, displays vision of world on eye |
|
|
Decibel |
measure of sound; human ear can comfortably listen at 80 decibels |
|
|
Sleep Apnea |
periods of non-breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
|
|
Insomnia |
troubling going to/staying asleep |
|
|
Sleep Terrors |
mostly occur in children; awake in terrorized state |
|
|
Latent and Manifest Content |
Latent = unconscious censored meaning of a dream Manifest = content remembered after awakening |
|
|
Narcolepsy |
Characterized by irresistible and sudden attacks of REM sleep during the day |
|
|
Rem sleep behavioral disorder |
skeletal muscles are not paralyzed during sleep |
|
|
Rats that were not allowed to dream... |
Had difficulty learning new tasks |
|
|
Hypnosis and Legal System |
testimony brought out by hypnosis is typically inaccurate |
|
|
Mantra |
often a repeated word, aids concentration in meditation |
|
|
Erikson stage's of development |
0 -18 months = trust vs mistrust 1.5 - 3 = shame vs autonomy, child wanting to do their own thing 3 - 6 = initiative vs guilt, child is encouraged to initiate activities 6 - 12 = industry vs inferiority, friend group 12 - 18 = identity vs role confusion, child is involved and always busy, filling a role |
|
|
Habituation |
the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus. |
|
|
Accommodation |
modifying schemas for our experience |
|
|
Conservation |
learning reverse processes in your head |
|
|
Object Permanence |
concept that is not initially grasped, example of this is peek-a-boo |
|
|
1st Piaget State - Sensorimotor |
Perception of environment with sensors |
|
|
Piaget Stages - Formal Operational |
Includes understanding metaphors and abstract thinking |
|
|
Permissive |
Not high expectations, but still helpful and loving |
|
|
Neglectful |
Not caring, neglecting |
|
|
Kubler-Ross Stages (5, DABDA) |
denial > anger > bargaining > depression > acceptance |
|
|
Alzheimer's Disease |
occurrence has a positive correlation with age, most common form of dimentia |
|
|
Social Clock |
the appropriate time to do things in your life |
|
|
Classical Conditioning |
Learning by association; the media |
|
|
Operant Coniditioning |
Learning via reward or punishment |
|
|
Learning |
the act of acquiring new, or modifying and reinforcing, existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information |
|
|
Classic "shock" study |
Conducted by Stanley Milgram; people will do something if they are instructed by someone, even if it affects/hurts others |
|
|
Social Facilitation |
tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone |
|
|
Social Inhibition |
Conscious of unconscious avoidance of a situation or social interaction |
|
|
Social Loafing |
Bigger groups = more lazy small groups = equal work |
|
|
How to counter social loafing |
work in smaller groups |
|
|
Juries are influenced by... |
Conformity pressure |
|
|
Person-centered humanistic; Carl Rogers |
Problems are caused by limits placed on you |
|
|
Aversion Therapy |
unpleasant outcome to try and fix the undesired behavior |
|
|
Systematic Desensitization |
treating fearful anxiety method w/ some kind of relaxation technique, and gradual exposure to anxiety-inducing stimulus |
|
|
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) |
group therapy, 12-step program |
|
|
Primary, secondary, and tertiary |
primary = law affects everyone secondary = affects small group of people tertiary = working w/ people who directly have a disorder |
|
|
Threats to Validity of Research |
Placebo Effect, natural improvement |
|
|
Placebo Effect |
People people and act as if they are subject to a cure, when really they've taken a non-active stimulus |
|
|
Empirically Supported Psychotherapy |
using previous research w/ a problem to solve a present problem |
|
|
Preferred Universally |
Youthfulness, Symmetry, and Avergeness |
|
|
Prejudice |
attitude towards a group or people or race |
|
|
Discrimination |
acting on that prejudice |
|
|
Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
Exaggerated sense of self-importance |
|
|
Antisocial |
not sociable; not wanting the company of others |
|
|
Conversion Disorder |
a condition in which you show psychological stress in physical ways |
|
|
Paraphilia |
a condition characterized by abnormal sexual desires, typically involving extreme or dangerous activities |
|
|
Dissociative Personality Disorder |
Multiple personality disorder |
|
|
Dysthymia |
chronic depression; loss on enjoyment; can't complete projects |
|
|
Depression |
a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin = 3 stressors |
|
|
Comorbid |
when anxiety's run together (more than one connect) and (more than one correlation) |
|
|
Bipolar Disorder ( 2 levels ) |
Bipolar 1 - full blown mania followed by depression Bipolar 2 - small amount of mania followed by depression |
|
|
Associated with Schizophrenia |
Too much dopamine; low frontal lobe activity |
|
|
# of Gene's |
25,000, original estimate was 100,000 |
|
|
Biopsychosocial Model of Illness |
health and illness are determined by a dynamic interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors |
|
|
Homeostasis |
the body keeping internal equilibrium |
|
|
Proxemics |
non-verbal communication, body position, humans can display dominance with proxemics |
|
|
Nonverbal Language |
Communication without speaking |
|
|
Paralanguage |
The components of speech minus speech itself. The nonlexical component of communication by speech, for example intonation, pitch and speed of speaking, hesitation noises, gesture, and facial expression |
|
|
Stress Hormone Cortisol |
Negative correlation with marital happiness |
|
|
Generalization |
a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases |
|
|
Phobia |
irrational fear; can be caused by classical conditioning |
|
|
EQ (Emotional Quotient) |
measure of emotional intelligence; the capacity of individuals to recognize their own, and other people's emotions, to discriminate between different feelings and label them appropriately, and to use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior |
|
|
Flashbulb Memory |
happens for dramatic events |
|
|
Functional Fixedness |
inability to see uses for broke objects |
|
|
Confirmation Bias |
people are more likely to support a belief system rather than challenge it |
|
|
Reinforcement (+) |
increases rate of behavior |
|
|
Punishment (-) |
decrease rate of behavior |
|
|
Intermittent Reinforcement |
compared to fixed |
|
|
Shaping |
gradual reinforcement to reach a goal |
|
|
Primary Reinforcers |
food, water, shelter |
|
|
Secondary Reinforcers |
words of verbal praise |
