Psych 100 - Chapter 10

Front 1

emotion

Back 1

an immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thoughts

Front 2

primary emotions

Back 2

emotions that are innate, evolutionarily adaptive and universal

Front 3

secondary emotions

Back 3

blends of primary emotions

Front 4

limbic system

Back 4

system of brain structures that border the cerebral cortex involved in emotion

Front 5

amygdala

Back 5

one of the most important brain structures for processing emotion

Front 6

James-Lange theory of emotion

Back 6

people perceive specific patterns of bodily responses, and as a result of that perception they feel emotion

Front 7

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Back 7

information about emotion stimuli is sent simultaneously to the cortex and the body and results in emotional experience and bodily reactions respectively

Front 8

two-factor theory of emotion

Back 8

a label applied to physiological arousal results in the experience of an emotion

Front 9

somatic markers

Back 9

bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences

Front 10

display rules

Back 10

rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable in given situations

Front 11

four essential qualities of motivational states

Back 11

1. energizing

2. directive

3. persist

4. strength

Front 12

motivation

Back 12

a process that energizes, guides and maintains behavior towards a goal

Front 13

need

Back 13

a state of biological or social deficiency

Front 14

need hierarchy

Back 14

Maslow's arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs

Front 15

self actualization

Back 15

a state that is achieved when one's personal dreams and aspirations have been attained

Front 16

drive

Back 16

a psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need

Front 17

homeostasis

Back 17

the tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium

Front 18

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Back 18

according to this law, performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal until a moderate level. after that point, additional arousal interferes with performance

Front 19

incentives

Back 19

external objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivates behavior

Front 20

extrinsic motivation

Back 20

motivation to perform an activity because of the external goals toward which that activity is directed

Front 21

intrinsic motivation

Back 21

motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose

Front 22

self-perception theory

Back 22

the theory that people are seldom aware of their specific motives. they instead draw inferences about their motives according to what seems to make sense (ex: wow, must have been thirsty)

Front 23

pleasure principle

Back 23

the idea that seeking pleasure is central to incentive theories of motivation

Front 24

hedonism

Back 24

refers to humans' desire for pleasantness

Front 25

approach motivation

Back 25

motivation to seek out food, sex, companionship etc.

Front 26

avoidance motivation

Back 26

motivation , to avoid negative outcomes, such as dangerous animals, because of the association with pain

Front 27

self-efficacy

Back 27

the expectation that your efforts will lead to success.

Front 28

achievement motive

Back 28

the desire to do well relative to standards of excellence

Front 29

delaying gratification

Back 29

postponing immediate gratification in the pursuit of long-term goals

Front 30

hot cognitions

Back 30

focuses on the rewarding, pleasurable aspects of objects

Front 31

cold cognitions

Back 31

focuses on conceptual or symbolic meanings

Front 32

need to belong theory

Back 32

the theory that the need for interpersonal attachment is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes

Front 33

social comparison theory

Back 33

we are motivated to have accurate information about ourselves and others. we compare ourselves with those around us to test and validate personal beliefs and emotional responses

Front 34

ventromedial

Back 34

middle region of the hypothalamus

Front 35

hyperphagia

Back 35

when the middle region of the hypothalamus is damaged, rats could eat great quantities of food

Front 36

aphagia

Back 36

when the outer region of the hypothalamus is damaged, rats lost weight and had to be force fed

Front 37

gourmand syndrome

Back 37

condition in which people become obsessed with the quality and variety of food

Front 38

glucostatic theory

Back 38

theory that proposes that the bloodstream is monitored for its glucose levels

Front 39

lipostatic theory

Back 39

theory that proposes a set-point for body fat.

Front 40

leptin

Back 40

hormone involved in fat regulation

Front 41

ghrelin

Back 41

hormone that surges before meals, and decreases after people eat

Front 42

nitric oxide

Back 42

chemical released due to sexual stimulation; stimulates blood flow to both the penis and the clitoris; plays an important role in arousal

Front 43

sexual response cycle

Back 43

a four-stage pattern of physiological and psychological responses during sexual activity

Front 44

4 phases of sexual response

Back 44

1. excitement phase

2. plateau phase

3. orgasm phase

4. resolution phase

Front 45

sexual scripts

Back 45

cognitive beliefs about how a sexual episode should be enacted

Front 46

double standard

Back 46

unwritten law stipulating that certain activities are morally and socially acceptable for men but not women

Front 47

erotic plasticity

Back 47

refers to the extent that sex drive can be shaped by social, cultural and situational factors

Front 48

sexual strategies theory

Back 48

a theory that maintains that women and men have evolved distinct mating strategies because they faced different adaptive problems over the course of human history. the strategies used by each sex maximize the probability of passing along their genes to future generations