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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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current definition of psychology |
the science of behavior and mental processes |
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William Wundt and Edward Titchener definition of psychology |
the science of mental life |
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John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner (behaviorists) definition of psychology |
the scientific study of observable behavior |
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disciplines of psychology |
bio, medicine, philosophy, business, and engineering |
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common misconceptions of Psychology (6) |
Psychology is NOTscientific Psychology = common sense Psychology = Psychic Psychology = Psychiatry Psychology limited to Clinical/counseling Psychology = well capturedin media and therefore, it’s not necessary to take this class |
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Subfields of Psychology – (9) |
(Carly can eat ice buckets cause dogs say please) Clinical Counseling Educational/School Industrial/Organizational Biological/Neuroscience Cognitive Developmental Social Personality |
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Clinical Subfield of Psychology |
studies,assesses and treats people why psychological disorders |
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Counseling Subfield of Psychology |
Helpspeople cope with academic, vocational, and marriage challenges (everyday life) |
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Educational/School Subfield of Psychology |
Studiesand helps individuals in school and educational settings |
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Industrial/Organizational Subfield of Psychology |
Studiesand consults on issues related to human behavior in the workplace |
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Biological/Neuroscience Subfield of Psychology |
Explore the links between brain and mind |
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cognitive Subfield of Psychology |
Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems |
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Developmental Subfield of Psychology |
Study changing abilities from womb to tomb |
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Social Subfield of Psychology |
Explorehow we view and affect one another |
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need for science (3 things) |
1. intuition & common sense aresubject to biases 2. Overconfidence
3. To promote change |
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intuition & common sense are subject to biases |
hindsight Bias confirmationBias |
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confirmationBias |
attend only to information that is consistentwith our expectations |
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hindsightBias |
believingyou could have predicted the outcome after learning it |
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Overconfidence |
example= anagrams → |
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3. To promote change |
(i.e., interventions) we need evidence |
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Scientific Method |
1. Identify problem/Phenomenon 2.Read/Develop Theory 3.Formulate Hypotheses 4.Test Hypotheses Empirically 5. Collect/Analyze Data 6. Draw Conclusions 7. Communicate Results |
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Identify problem/ Phenomenon |
step 1 |
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Read/Develop Theory |
step 2 agood scientific theory is a set of testable predictions |
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FormulateHypotheses |
step 3 operationalize(measure ind. And dep. Variable) Independentvariable Dependentvariable |
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independant variable |
thatwhich is manipulated or believed to influence the dependent variable (IV) |
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dependant variable |
thatwhich is observed for changes due to the independent variable (DV) |
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TestHypotheses Empirically |
step 4 Balancecontrol and generalizability |
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Control |
· eliminate or reduceconfounds, variables affecting the DV other than the IV |
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Generalizability |
degreeto which study results are relevant to population of interest by usingreal-world participants and conditions |
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Collect/AnalyzeData |
step 5 |
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DrawConclusions
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step 6 was the change due to the factors you thought it was? Were any confounds present? Did our measures make sense? Was our sample representative of the population? Can we easily conclude? · Was the observed difference reliable? Consistent results across thesamples · Was the difference or change significant |
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CommunicateResults |
step 7 |
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How do we study the relative impact ofnature Vs nurture? |
Family Studies Adoption Studies Twin Studies - (identical and fraternal) |
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Stages of cognitive development |
1.Sensorimotor Stage 2. PreoperationalStage 3.Concrete operational stage 4.Formal Operational Stage |
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SensorimotorStage |
(birth- 2 years) Learning through senses and movement Memory demonstrated with …. Object performance and stranger anxiety |
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PreoperationalStage |
(2-7 years) · Represent world with images and sounds · Language development · Pretend play · Theory of mind- realizing people have their own mind · Use intuition rather than logic · Fail conservation of mass and volume · Egocentric perspective |
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Concreteoperational stage |
(7-11years) · Logical reasoning · Conservation of mass and liquid challenge is achieved · Mathematics |
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FormalOperational Stage |
(12-Adulthood) · Abstract thinking · Symbolism · Reasoning · Hypothetical reasoning and logic develops · Uses symbols and imagined realities to systematically reason |
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Stagesof attachment (Bowlby’s theory) |
Phase1-indiscriminantresponsiveness phase 2-Focus on the Familiar phase 3-Intense& Exclusive attachment phase 4-PartnershipBehavior |
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SecureAttachment |
mom is secure base Leaders of socialgroup Toinsensitive (i.e., cold), unresponsive care… |
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Insecure-Avoidant |
- unresponsive, uncommunicative loner- loser |
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Insecure-Ambivalent |
– clingy, uncertain Getjealous very easily, very clingy |
