Psych 1

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Behaviorism

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The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

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Biopsychological perspective

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Perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body such as genetic influences hormones and the activity of the nervous system

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Case study

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Study of one individual in great detail

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Cognitive neuroscience

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Study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking

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Cognitive perspective

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Modern perspective that focuses on memory intelligence perception problem solving and learning

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Control group

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Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment

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Correlation

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A measure of the relationship between two variables

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Correlation coefficient

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A number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and the direction of a correlation

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Dependent variable

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Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment

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Critical thinking

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Making reasonable judgments based on claims

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Double blind study

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Study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group

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Evolutionary perspective

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Perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share

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Experiment

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A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if it corresponds changes behavior and result allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships

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Experimental group

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Subjects in an experiment horse objected to the independent variable

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Experimenter effect

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Tendency of the experimenters expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study

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Functionalism

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Early perspective in Psychology associated with William James and which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt live work and play

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Gestalt psychology

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Early perspective in Psychology focuses on perception and sensation particularly these perspective of patterns and whole figures

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Humanistic perspective

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Perspective that analyzes human potential in the idea that people have the freedom to choose their own destiny

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Hypothesis

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Tentative explanation of a phenomenal based on observations

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Independent variable

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Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter

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Naturalistic observation

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Study in which the researcher observes people or animals in their normal environment

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Objective introspection

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The process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities

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Observer Bias

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Tendency of observers to see what they expect to see

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Observer effect

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Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed

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Operational definition

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Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured

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Participant observation

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A naturalistic observation in which the Observer becomes a participant in the group being observed

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Placebo

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The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

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Population

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The entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested

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Psychiatric social worker

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A social worker with some training and therapy methods who focuses on the environment conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders such as poverty overcrowding stress and drug abuse

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Psychiatrist

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A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

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Psychoanalysis

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The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud

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Psychoanalyst

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Either psychiatrist or psychologist to a specialized training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis

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Psychodynamic perspective

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Modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self in the discovery of others motivations behind a person's Behavior other than sexual motivations

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Psychologist

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A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology

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Psychology

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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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Random assignment

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Process of assigning subjects to the experimental are control groups randomly so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group

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Replicate

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In research repeating of study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results

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Representative sample

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Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects

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Scientific method

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System of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced

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Single-blind study

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Study in which the subjects do not know if they are the experiment or control group

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Socio-cultural perspective

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Perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture

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Structuralism

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Early perspective in Psychology is associated with Wilhelm wundt and Edward titchener and which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the Mind

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Survey

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Study conducted by asking a series of questions to a group of people

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Afferent sensory neuron

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A neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system

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All or none

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Referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all

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Amygdala

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Brain structure located near the hippocampus responsible for fear responses and memory of fear

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Antagonists

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Chemical substances that blocker reduces cells response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters

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Association areas

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Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information as well as higher mental processing

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Automatic nervous system

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Division of the pns consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles organs and glands

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Axon

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Tube-like structures that carry the neutral message to other cells

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Axon terminals

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Branches at the end of the Axon

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Biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience

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Why the f*** isn't there a definition for this

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Brain stem

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Section of the brain that connects directly to the spinal cord and regulates vital functions such as breathing the heart reflexes and level of alertness

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Broca's aphasia

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Condition resulting from damage to Broca's area causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently to mispronounce words and to speak haltingly

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Central nervous system

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Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

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Cerebellum

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Part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary rapid fine motor movement

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Cerebral hemispheres

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The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

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Cerebrum

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The upper part of the brain consisting of two hemispheres in the structures that connect them

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Cingulate cortex

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Primary cortical component of the limbic system involved in emotional and cognitive processing

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Computed tomography

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Brain Imaging methods using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain

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Cortex

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Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons responsible for higher thought processes and Interruption of sensory input

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Deep lesioning

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Insertion of a thin insulated wire into the brain through which the electrical current is set that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire

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Dendrites

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Branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons

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Diffusion

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Process of molecules moving from areas of high concentration to low areas of concentration

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Dopamine

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Neurotransmitter that regulates movement balance and walking is involved in the disorders of schizophrenia and Parkinson's

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Efferent motor neuron

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A neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

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Electroencephalograph

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Machine designed to record the electroencephalogram

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Electroencephalogram EEG

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Recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull most often used to scalp electrodes

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Endocrine glands

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Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

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Endorphin

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Neurotransmitter that is found naturally in the body and works to block pain and Elevate mood is chemically similar to morphine and its short name is for endogenous morphine

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Enzymatic degradation

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Process by which structure of neurotransmitters is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor

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Exitatory synapse

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, synapse at which the neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire

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Frontal lobes

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Areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain responsible for higher mental processes and decision-making as well as the production of fluent speech

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Functional magnetic resonance Imaging

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MRI based brain Imaging method that allows for functional examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation

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Gaba

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Abbreviation for gamma-aminobutyric acid the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

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Glial cells

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Cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around deliver nutrients to neutrons produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste product and done neurons influence information processing and during prenatal development influence the generations of new neurons

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Gonads

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Sex glands secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction

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Hippocampus

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Curved structure located within each temporal lobe responsible for the formation of long-term memories in the storage of memory for location of objects

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Hypothalamus

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Small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituary gland responsible for motivational Behavior such as sleep hunger thirst and sex

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Inhibitory synapse

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Synapse at which neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing

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Interneuron

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A neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and send commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons interneurons also make up the bulk of neurons in the brain

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Limbic system

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Group of several brain structures located under the cortex involved in learning emotion memory and motivation

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MRI

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Brain Imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

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Medulla

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First large swelling at top of spinal cord forming lowest part of brain which responsible for sustaining life functions such as breathing swallowing and heart rate

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Mirror neurons

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Neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes the same action being performed buy another

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Motor cortex

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Section of the frontal lobe located at the back responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system

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Motor neuron

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A neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body also called efferent neuron

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Myelin

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Fatty substances produced by glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate protect and speed up neural impulse

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Occipital lobes

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Sections of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain

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Olfactory bulbs

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2 bulb light projections just under the front of the brain that receives information from The receptors in the nose

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Parasympathetic division

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Part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands

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Parietal lobes

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Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch taste and temperature

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Peripheral nervous system pns

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All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself

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Pineal gland

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Secretes melatonin

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Pituary glands

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Glands located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormones secreting glands

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Ponds

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Sleep dreaming Left Right body coordination and arousal

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Position emission tomography pet

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Brain Imaging method in which of radioactive sugar is injected into the subject in a computer complies a color-coded image of the activity in the brain

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Reflex arc

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The connection of the afferent neurons to the interneurons to the efferent neurons resulting in reflex action

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Reticular formation

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An area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla in the pond slightly beyond that is responsible for General attention alertness and arousal

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Reuptake

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Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

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Serotonin

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Neurotransmitter involved in pain disorders and emotional perceptions

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Single-photon emission tomography spect

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Neuroimaging method that a similar to pet but uses a different radioactive tracer and can be used to examine brain blood flow

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Soma

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The cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell

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Somatic nervous system

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Division of pns consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles

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Somatosensory cortex

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Area of neurons running down the front and purita lobes responsible for processing information and skin internal body temperature receptors for touch

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Spatial neglect

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Condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field

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Sympathetic division

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Fight or flight

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Synaptic knob

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Rounded areas on the end of the axon terminal

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Synaptic vesicles

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Sac-like structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals

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Temporal lobes

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Areas of the cortex located just behind the Temple's containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech

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Thalamus

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Sensory information from the lower part of the brain to proper areas of the cortex and processes sensory information before sending it to proper area

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Wernicke's aphasia

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Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language