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225 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
how do amateur psychologists practice every day?
by asking questions
what makes a professional psych diff from an amateur?
understand that behavior has multiple-determinants
what are multiple determinants?
that people rarely do anything for one reason alone, whether they realize it or not
which 2 psychs debated the nature-nurture conflict?
plato and aristotle
what is the nature-nurture debate?
whether our ability to learn and use new info is from our genetic heritage or our experiences
what is psychology?
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organisms physical and mental state and their external environment
why do psychs study non-human animals?
they believe that we have a lot to learn about humans and life by studying lower-level animals
what are the four main goals of psychology?
1.describe behavior
2. understand behavior
3. predict behavior
4. control behavior
what is one example of predicting behavior?
predicting success at particular jobs
what is one common activity for psychs to do?
research
what is the purpose of pure/basic research?
for the pursuit of knowledge, if you have a question
what is the purpose of applied research?
if there is a specific problem for which an intervention would be helpful
what is an example of applied research?
Adams, Write, and Lohr (1996) studied men at u of ga and concluded that men with homophobic tendencies either deny or are unaware of their homoerotic impulses
what is the purpose of program-evaluation research?
to know if certain programs are effective bc if not, why should we continue paying for it to exist?
how many types of psychs are there?
60
what are the 3 main settings for psychologists to work?
1. "independent practice"
2. university/educational settings
3. diverse areas (ex: businesses, gov agencies, hospitals)
what do psychs who work independently do?
provide therapy to clients with many concerns and conduct evaluations
60% of all psychs are what kinds of psychs?
clinical/counseling/school
what type of degree to clinical/counseling psychologists hold?
ph.d or masters, but if masters called by diff title (ex: counselor)
what are clinical/counseling psychs trained to do?
trained to assess and treat individuals/couples/fams with psych and behavioral probs. trained to conduct research and teach at universities
what does a clinical psych do?
focus on serious psych issues among the gen pop
what does a counseling psych do?
focus on less severe adjustment problems amongst college students and adults
what degree does a school psych hold?
masters degree or ph.d
what is the main focus of a school psych?
children in school settings and the families of those children
what do school psychs do?
assess, make interventions, consult with teachers and parents, and provide counseling to children and their fams
what type of degree do experimental psychs have?
ph.d
where do experimental psychs generally work and for what purpose?
in a variety of settings for the purpose of research
what do experimental psychs study and what are their areas of focus?
study "the fundamental processes of behavior". areas of focus include nervous system, sensation and perception, and learning and memory
subjects of experimental psychs
non-human animals
(pop subj= albino rat)
what degree to educational psychs hold and where do they work?
ph.d, work at universities as professors or researchers
what are the research goals of educational psychologists?
improve curriculum, improve edu system for children. enhance/implement teaching strategies, and optimize a classroom setting to maximize "learning"
what degree does an industrial/organization psych hold?
master's degree or ph.d
what does an industrial/org psych do?
find ways to improve work settings to maximize productivity, create tests to help companies hire good employees, develop ways to maximize profit
what is another name for industrial/org psych?
consumer psych
what degree does a personality and developmental psych hold and where do they work?
ph.d, work at universities
what do personality psychs do?
study personality including tests for measuring personality traits and constructs
construct
something we think exists, have difficulty proving it exists, and the only evidence we have that it exists is based on some sort of tool of measurement
what is an example of a construct?
time
what are some examples of personality constructs?
self esteem, aggression, adjustment, anxiety
what do developmental psychs study?
developmental processes of humans from embryo til death (ex: attachment, cognitive development, identity formation)
what degree do social psychs hold and where do they often work?
ph.d, university setting
what do social psychs study?
investigate how individuals behave when among a group of people (ex: attraction to others, prejudice and discrimination)
what subjects do comparative psychs focus on and where do they study?
focus on non-human animals, study in laboratories
what is the focus of comparative psychs?
social behavior, brain processes, reactions to toxins, and other evolutionary processes
what is the overall goal of comparative psychs?
compare non-human animals with humans on whatever behavioral aspect they are investigating
what was aristotles book called?
peri psyches, "about the psyche"
what did aristotle attempt to do in his book?
apply basic scientific principles to the study of human thoughts, behavior, motives, etc.
what is empiricism?
the pursuit of knowledge by means of systematically controlled experimentation and measurement
what concept did aristotle rely on?
empiricism
what did william wundt do?
proclaimed that psychology was a sicence, set up first psych lab
what was wundts argument towards psych as a science?
could be studied scientifically similar to how other natural events are studied
who came up with structuralism?
E.B. Titchner, Wundt's student
what is structuralism?
the conscious mind can be broken down into 3 basic elements, 1. sensations, 2. feelings, 3. images
how can you measure structuralism?
introspection
what is introspection?
when an individual basically critiques their own thoughts and feelings
who developed functionalism?
william james
what question brought about functionalism?
how does a conscious experience aid us in functioning in our environment?
what does ethology do?
examines the role of behavior in helping us adapt to our environment
what does sociobiology do?
attempts to find to what extent behavior is genetically determined
what is the title of Sig Freud's book?
the interpretation of dreams
what was freud originally trained as and in what setting did he work?
trained as a physician and worked in a private setting
who were the primary subjects of freud?
adults with a wide range of psych problems, mostly wealthy, neurotic women
what part of the mind did freud focus on?
unconscious
what is the one goal of psychoanalysis?
to help disturbed patients discover the hidden causes for some of their current behavior and feelings
where did freud believe unconscious conflicts began?
during childhood when we are too immature psychologically ad emotionally to respond rationally to the traumas
what is the ultimate goal of psychoanalysis?
to minimize the impact the conflict has on current adult functioning
what 2 instincts did freud believe motivated human behavior?
sexual and aggression instincts
what is the carthartic effect?
when people talk about their problems and feel better afterwards
what did freud say about dreams?
they are the "royal road to the unconscious"
what did freud believe about slips of the tongue?
they were an insight into the persons true thoughts or feelings
what is a determinist?
believes that who were are today is pre-determined
what is a determinist in freuds case?
when people are the way they are as adults because of the effects of our childhood experiences
who created behaviorism?
john b watson
who influenced watson and what law did he create?
edward thorndike, the law of effect
what was watsons conflict with freud?
believed that psych should limit its focus to studying only behaviors that can be observed, manipulated, and measured
what are stimulus-response patterns?
if we acted silly as children (s) and people laughed (r) we are most likely going to be silly as adults
how did watson differ from freud as a determinist?
believed s-r patterns influenced who we are today instead of childhood experiences
who began humanistic psych?
carl rogers, rollo may, abraham maslow
what did humanists believe?
that humans have free-will and therefore can chose their own destiny (almost)
what is the "first force" in psych?
psychoanalytical approach
what is the "second force" in psych?
behaviorism
what is the "third force" in psych?
humanistic psych
what is the "fourth force" in psych?
multicultural approach
what do multiculturalists believe?
humans are a product of their cultures or subcultures
why is multiculturalism being politicized?
for criticizing mainstream american/european cultures, overlook the impact socioeconomic status has on explaining behavior
women contributions to psych
ana freud, karen horney, elizabeth loftus
who was francis sumner?
first african american to receive his doctorate in psych in 1920
who was kennth b clark?
black psych who dedicated his career to studying the effects of racial discrimination on racial identity among black kids
what case did clark play a large role?
brown v. board of ed
who is roberto velasquez?
published over 70 studies in the area of latinos results on psych tests
what did velasquez conclude?
not al psych tests are appropriate for us with latinos
who is sumie okazaki and what did her studies focus on?
published close to 50 studies in psych, focuses on the impact of immigration on psych functioning among asian american fams
how many steps does the scientific method have?
4
step one of the scientific method
having a question based on observation/speculation
what is a theory in the scientific manner?
organized set of assumptions based on logic, observation, and/or a set of facts that explains how various assumptions are related
step two of the scientific method
hypothesis
hypothesis
a prediction that can be put to the test
operationally define our variables
specified ways to make the variables measurable
step three of the scientific method
conduct the study
step four of the scientific method
make a conclusion about whether the results support the hypothesis
2 reasons conclusion cannot support hypothesis
1. ideas not valid
2. poor hypothesis
hindsight
after-the-fact way of explaining behavior
most common way to understand behavior
hindsight
theory of evolution
advance organisms evolved from less advanced organisms
what percent of genes do humans and mice share?
68% of genes
intelligent design
life is too complex to just have happened by chance (or evolved) therefore there must be some higher being that caused life to begin including the creation of the universe
correlation method
when two variables are correlated
why cant we make conclusions about variables that are correlated?
there could be a 3rd variable that is influencing both the variables and neither variable is causing the other one
experimental method
determines if one variable causes another variable
independent variable (IV)
the variable we want to know if it causes something
dependent variable (DV)
the variable we want to know if it is caused by another variable
participants
subjects who participate in research projects
experimental group
receives the treatment
confound variables
variables that might cause us to misinterpret the meaning of our results bc the confound variables might be explaining our findings
what is an example of a confound variable
if you tell the people that half will be getting food you might attract the people who naturally eat a lot and drink a lot of water
double-blind study
neither the participants nor the person doing the study know which group is the experimental group and which is the control group
survey method
asking individuals to respond to questions
3 limitations of the survey method
1. honest (asking people about unacceptable behavior such as shoplifting)
2. bad memories
3. the manner in which the question is asked (might answer how they think they should)
case study
studying one person or a small group intensely to get a large amount of info about a smaller number of people
naturalistic-observation method
when people are observed in their own "natural" environment
what is the purpose for the naturalistic-observation method?
to describe and understand behavior--> not find causation
reactivity
when being studied in a lab setting people feel the presence of the observer and act differently
sampling
the selection process to pick participants
populations of interest
where participants are selected from
types of probability sampling
1. simple random sample
2. stratified random sample
simple random sampling
each person within a specific population of interest has the chance to be selected (if the selection process is truly random)
stratified random sampling
separate the population of interest into categories and take a random sample from each category
external validity
when findings of a study can be generalized towards an entire population
types of nonprobability sampling
1. haphazard sampling
2. quota sampling
haphazard sampling
selection people who are convenient for you to pick--> generalization reduced
quota sampling
stratified random sampling but without the participants being randomly chosen
confirmation bias
our tendency to seek only the info that confirms our beliefs and ignoring or rationalizing info that goes against our beliefs
cross-cultural studies
can tell us if behavior phenomena observed among americas is the same as outside the united states
ethical guidelines
cannot do anything that will permanently traumatize people
informed consent
cannot conduct research on humans without telling them what the study is about and them agreeing to it
what percent of research is done on nonhuman animals?
8%
how can you do experiments with animals?
get approval from a committee of peers and explain the potential gains to be made from the research to justify the less-than-humane experiments
statistics
a mathmatical way to organize and make sense of data
descriptive statistics
provide a description or summary of the overall characteristics of data rather than the description of each single datum
what are the ways to show descriptive statistics?
frequency distributions, frequency polygons, bar graphs, measures of central tendency, and measures of variability
frequency distribution
a list showing the data starting with the score having the highest value and ending with the score having the lowest value and the frequency each appears
frequency polygon
a graph to show the same info shown in a frequency distribution--> uses lines to show same info as bar graph or histogram
measures of central tendency
a way to describe the overall or general characteristics of a large data set with a single number
3 measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
mean
the arithmetic average of the entire data set
median
used when data is skewed (there are outliers). when ranking the scores the median is the exact middle point
mode
the most frequently occurring number in a data set
what are the 2 measures of variation?
range and standard deviation
range
the highest score-lowest score
standard deviation
tells us how much the data set deviates from the mean. the smaller the standard deviation, the less it varies. the larger the stand dev, the more it varies
bell curve
a distribution of scores shaped like a bell
empirical rule in the case of a bell curve
if you measure any characteristic among humans and it will end up in a bell curve
empirical rule
any general rule that is supported based on numerous studies
+/- 1 standard deviation
68%
+/- 2 standard deviations
96%
percentage
the number of correct items obtained by a test-taker/total number on the test
percentile
a score reflecting how well a person did on a test based on the other people who took it
what does the percentage reflect?
how well a person did on the test
what are the 4 different ways data can be scaled?
nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
nominal scales of measurements
using names or categories--> no one scale is better/higher than the others
ordinal scale of measurement
data is ranked from highest to lowest with respect to numeric values. there are unequal distances between the values in the data set
example of an ordinal scale of measurement
soccer players ranked in the state of florida are ranked from best to worst but the first person may only be a little better than the 2nd but the 50th and 51st person may have a greater distance in between
interval scale
equal distance between the values with no real zero
real zero
an absence in whatever is being measured
example of an interval scale measurement
thermometer--> when it says 0 degrees that does not mean that there is no temperature
ratio scale of measurement
equal distances between the values and it has a real zero
example of a ratio scale of measurement
ruler--> equal distance in between everything but if what you measure has no length than it is actually a 0
correlation
when two or more variables are related
correlational coefficient
symbolized by "r" and range from 0-1. the closer it is to 1 the higher the correlation, can be positive or negative
positive correlation
if one variable increases and the other variable increases
negative correlation
if one variable increases and the other variable decreases
squaring the r value
takes you to a more accurate estimate of the extent to which two variables are related
curvilinear correlation
as one value increases, the other increases up to a certain point. at that point the first variable continues to climb while the second begins to decline
4/5 dentists misusage
could have only interviewed 5 dentists, could have paid off dentists, those dentists could hold stock in that gum
cocaine increase misusage
news said it increased 37%, but really it was 37% of the original amount and they did not take population into account
functionally illiterate pamphlet
count immigrants who are literate in their language, but not in english
bar graph misusage
can spread out the numbers to make it seem as if there is a larger gap than there actually is
what did MacLean (1982) say about the brain?
it seemed to be 3 brains in one
inner/lower portion of the brian is similar to what and why?
a reptiles brain bc they can do basic things such as mobility, pursuing/eating food, migrating, mating, defending territory etc
what parts of the brain are in the inner/lower brain?
hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, pons, and the cerebellum
what is the 2nd layer of the brain (according to maclean)
the paleomammalian brain
what makes up the paleomammalian brain?
the limbic system
what is the limbic system responsible for?
complex emotions, motivation, curiosity and learning, and appetite
third part of the brain (according to maclean)
neomammalian brain
what makes up the neomammalian brain?
the cerebral cortex
what does the cerebral cortex do?
involved in planning, self-awareness, and language
fissures
the folds in the cerebral cortex that separate the cerebral hemispheres into four lobes
what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
1. frontal
2. occipital
3. temporal
4. parietal
frontal lobe
association or connecting diff kinds of info and motor behavior
occipital
vision
temporal
hearing and verbalization
parietal
touch, sensory systems
what do these lobes work together to do?
receive and interpret sensory info, integrate info with memory, and develop/execute plans of action through the motor systems
Paul Broca
worked with a patient who injured the left side of his brain and could not speak
Brocas area
on the left side of the brain dealing with speech production
wernicke
discovered a diff lobe on the left side dealing with speech comprehension
wernicke's area
deals with speech comprehension
corpus callosum
bundle of nerve fibers that joins the two hemispheres of the brain
what is the left hemisphere responsible for?
comprehension and production of language, reasoning, analytical thinking
what is the right hemisphere responsible for?
visual perception and spatial understanding
Moniz
performed prefrontal lobotomies on mental patients who were violent and constantly agitated
prefrontal lobotomy
severing the nerves that connect the cerebral cortex to the thalamus
result of prefrontal lobotomy
emotions severed
why is it difficult to study how chemicals are involved in behavior?
very few individuals are willing to participate in the studies because they require a spinal tap or drawing blood
neurotransmitters
chemicals that help relay info from one fired neuron to another neuron
prozac
anxiety drug which inhibits the chemicals that would ordinarily break down seratonin hence preventing the seratonin levels from becoming too low
hromones
biological chemicals that can travel not just through the central nervous system, but also through the blood stream
3 sources of hormones that affect behavior
1. hypothalamus (part of limbic system)
2. gonads (testes and ovaries)
3. adrenal cortex (above kidneys)
dabbs and morris
interviews with military personnel about their past behaviors in various contexts
results of dabbs and morris
participants with higher levels of testosterone reported having more conflictual relationships with their parents when they were young, more conflictual relationships with teachers and peers, higher drug and alc usage, and higher number of sexual partners
what did zuckerman say regarding males with a lot of testosterone?
they are generally more extroverted and have a higher number of sexual partners
Dabbs, ruback, frady, hopper, sgoritas
tested testosterone levels of imprisoned women. women who were violent during their crime had higher levels of testosterone
goy and goldfoot
female guinea pigs injected with testosterone engaged in mating behaviors atypical of female rats
heredity
refers to the biological transmission of traits that have evolved over many generations
genetic characteristic examples
sociability, social dominance, aggressiveness, thrill-seeking, artistic abilities
behavioral genetics
bridges the science of psychology and biology. examines species specific behavior patterns and universal behavior patterns that appear to cut across species
genes
the most basic building block of heredity, regulating the development of specific traits
polygenic
determined by a combo of genes
how many genes does each cell in our body contain?
30-40 thousand
chromosomes
when genes are strung together to form long complex molecules made up of DNA
human genome project
trying to learn how genes and DNA influence who we are and interact with environmental variables to influence our behavior and characteristics
how many DNA sequences are throughout a person's body?
3 billion
kinship studies
the direct way by which some psychologists study the influence of genes on human behavior--> closer individuals with respect to genetics have more in common
what percent of genes to identical twins share?
100%
first cousins share what percent of genes?
12.5%