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225 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
how do amateur psychologists practice every day?
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by asking questions
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what makes a professional psych diff from an amateur?
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understand that behavior has multiple-determinants
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what are multiple determinants?
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that people rarely do anything for one reason alone, whether they realize it or not
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which 2 psychs debated the nature-nurture conflict?
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plato and aristotle
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what is the nature-nurture debate?
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whether our ability to learn and use new info is from our genetic heritage or our experiences
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what is psychology?
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organisms physical and mental state and their external environment
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why do psychs study non-human animals?
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they believe that we have a lot to learn about humans and life by studying lower-level animals
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what are the four main goals of psychology?
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1.describe behavior
2. understand behavior 3. predict behavior 4. control behavior |
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what is one example of predicting behavior?
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predicting success at particular jobs
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what is one common activity for psychs to do?
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research
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what is the purpose of pure/basic research?
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for the pursuit of knowledge, if you have a question
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what is the purpose of applied research?
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if there is a specific problem for which an intervention would be helpful
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what is an example of applied research?
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Adams, Write, and Lohr (1996) studied men at u of ga and concluded that men with homophobic tendencies either deny or are unaware of their homoerotic impulses
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what is the purpose of program-evaluation research?
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to know if certain programs are effective bc if not, why should we continue paying for it to exist?
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how many types of psychs are there?
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60
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what are the 3 main settings for psychologists to work?
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1. "independent practice"
2. university/educational settings 3. diverse areas (ex: businesses, gov agencies, hospitals) |
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what do psychs who work independently do?
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provide therapy to clients with many concerns and conduct evaluations
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60% of all psychs are what kinds of psychs?
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clinical/counseling/school
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what type of degree to clinical/counseling psychologists hold?
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ph.d or masters, but if masters called by diff title (ex: counselor)
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what are clinical/counseling psychs trained to do?
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trained to assess and treat individuals/couples/fams with psych and behavioral probs. trained to conduct research and teach at universities
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what does a clinical psych do?
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focus on serious psych issues among the gen pop
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what does a counseling psych do?
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focus on less severe adjustment problems amongst college students and adults
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what degree does a school psych hold?
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masters degree or ph.d
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what is the main focus of a school psych?
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children in school settings and the families of those children
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what do school psychs do?
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assess, make interventions, consult with teachers and parents, and provide counseling to children and their fams
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what type of degree do experimental psychs have?
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ph.d
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where do experimental psychs generally work and for what purpose?
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in a variety of settings for the purpose of research
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what do experimental psychs study and what are their areas of focus?
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study "the fundamental processes of behavior". areas of focus include nervous system, sensation and perception, and learning and memory
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subjects of experimental psychs
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non-human animals
(pop subj= albino rat) |
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what degree to educational psychs hold and where do they work?
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ph.d, work at universities as professors or researchers
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what are the research goals of educational psychologists?
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improve curriculum, improve edu system for children. enhance/implement teaching strategies, and optimize a classroom setting to maximize "learning"
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what degree does an industrial/organization psych hold?
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master's degree or ph.d
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what does an industrial/org psych do?
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find ways to improve work settings to maximize productivity, create tests to help companies hire good employees, develop ways to maximize profit
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what is another name for industrial/org psych?
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consumer psych
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what degree does a personality and developmental psych hold and where do they work?
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ph.d, work at universities
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what do personality psychs do?
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study personality including tests for measuring personality traits and constructs
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construct
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something we think exists, have difficulty proving it exists, and the only evidence we have that it exists is based on some sort of tool of measurement
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what is an example of a construct?
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time
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what are some examples of personality constructs?
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self esteem, aggression, adjustment, anxiety
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what do developmental psychs study?
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developmental processes of humans from embryo til death (ex: attachment, cognitive development, identity formation)
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what degree do social psychs hold and where do they often work?
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ph.d, university setting
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what do social psychs study?
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investigate how individuals behave when among a group of people (ex: attraction to others, prejudice and discrimination)
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what subjects do comparative psychs focus on and where do they study?
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focus on non-human animals, study in laboratories
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what is the focus of comparative psychs?
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social behavior, brain processes, reactions to toxins, and other evolutionary processes
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what is the overall goal of comparative psychs?
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compare non-human animals with humans on whatever behavioral aspect they are investigating
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what was aristotles book called?
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peri psyches, "about the psyche"
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what did aristotle attempt to do in his book?
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apply basic scientific principles to the study of human thoughts, behavior, motives, etc.
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what is empiricism?
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the pursuit of knowledge by means of systematically controlled experimentation and measurement
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what concept did aristotle rely on?
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empiricism
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what did william wundt do?
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proclaimed that psychology was a sicence, set up first psych lab
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what was wundts argument towards psych as a science?
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could be studied scientifically similar to how other natural events are studied
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who came up with structuralism?
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E.B. Titchner, Wundt's student
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what is structuralism?
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the conscious mind can be broken down into 3 basic elements, 1. sensations, 2. feelings, 3. images
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how can you measure structuralism?
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introspection
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what is introspection?
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when an individual basically critiques their own thoughts and feelings
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who developed functionalism?
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william james
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what question brought about functionalism?
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how does a conscious experience aid us in functioning in our environment?
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what does ethology do?
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examines the role of behavior in helping us adapt to our environment
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what does sociobiology do?
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attempts to find to what extent behavior is genetically determined
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what is the title of Sig Freud's book?
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the interpretation of dreams
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what was freud originally trained as and in what setting did he work?
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trained as a physician and worked in a private setting
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who were the primary subjects of freud?
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adults with a wide range of psych problems, mostly wealthy, neurotic women
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what part of the mind did freud focus on?
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unconscious
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what is the one goal of psychoanalysis?
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to help disturbed patients discover the hidden causes for some of their current behavior and feelings
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where did freud believe unconscious conflicts began?
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during childhood when we are too immature psychologically ad emotionally to respond rationally to the traumas
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what is the ultimate goal of psychoanalysis?
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to minimize the impact the conflict has on current adult functioning
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what 2 instincts did freud believe motivated human behavior?
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sexual and aggression instincts
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what is the carthartic effect?
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when people talk about their problems and feel better afterwards
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what did freud say about dreams?
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they are the "royal road to the unconscious"
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what did freud believe about slips of the tongue?
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they were an insight into the persons true thoughts or feelings
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what is a determinist?
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believes that who were are today is pre-determined
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what is a determinist in freuds case?
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when people are the way they are as adults because of the effects of our childhood experiences
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who created behaviorism?
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john b watson
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who influenced watson and what law did he create?
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edward thorndike, the law of effect
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what was watsons conflict with freud?
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believed that psych should limit its focus to studying only behaviors that can be observed, manipulated, and measured
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what are stimulus-response patterns?
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if we acted silly as children (s) and people laughed (r) we are most likely going to be silly as adults
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how did watson differ from freud as a determinist?
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believed s-r patterns influenced who we are today instead of childhood experiences
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who began humanistic psych?
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carl rogers, rollo may, abraham maslow
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what did humanists believe?
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that humans have free-will and therefore can chose their own destiny (almost)
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what is the "first force" in psych?
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psychoanalytical approach
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what is the "second force" in psych?
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behaviorism
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what is the "third force" in psych?
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humanistic psych
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what is the "fourth force" in psych?
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multicultural approach
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what do multiculturalists believe?
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humans are a product of their cultures or subcultures
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why is multiculturalism being politicized?
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for criticizing mainstream american/european cultures, overlook the impact socioeconomic status has on explaining behavior
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women contributions to psych
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ana freud, karen horney, elizabeth loftus
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who was francis sumner?
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first african american to receive his doctorate in psych in 1920
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who was kennth b clark?
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black psych who dedicated his career to studying the effects of racial discrimination on racial identity among black kids
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what case did clark play a large role?
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brown v. board of ed
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who is roberto velasquez?
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published over 70 studies in the area of latinos results on psych tests
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what did velasquez conclude?
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not al psych tests are appropriate for us with latinos
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who is sumie okazaki and what did her studies focus on?
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published close to 50 studies in psych, focuses on the impact of immigration on psych functioning among asian american fams
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how many steps does the scientific method have?
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4
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step one of the scientific method
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having a question based on observation/speculation
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what is a theory in the scientific manner?
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organized set of assumptions based on logic, observation, and/or a set of facts that explains how various assumptions are related
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step two of the scientific method
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hypothesis
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hypothesis
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a prediction that can be put to the test
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operationally define our variables
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specified ways to make the variables measurable
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step three of the scientific method
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conduct the study
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step four of the scientific method
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make a conclusion about whether the results support the hypothesis
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2 reasons conclusion cannot support hypothesis
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1. ideas not valid
2. poor hypothesis |
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hindsight
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after-the-fact way of explaining behavior
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most common way to understand behavior
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hindsight
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theory of evolution
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advance organisms evolved from less advanced organisms
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what percent of genes do humans and mice share?
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68% of genes
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intelligent design
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life is too complex to just have happened by chance (or evolved) therefore there must be some higher being that caused life to begin including the creation of the universe
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correlation method
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when two variables are correlated
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why cant we make conclusions about variables that are correlated?
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there could be a 3rd variable that is influencing both the variables and neither variable is causing the other one
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experimental method
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determines if one variable causes another variable
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independent variable (IV)
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the variable we want to know if it causes something
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dependent variable (DV)
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the variable we want to know if it is caused by another variable
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participants
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subjects who participate in research projects
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experimental group
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receives the treatment
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confound variables
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variables that might cause us to misinterpret the meaning of our results bc the confound variables might be explaining our findings
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what is an example of a confound variable
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if you tell the people that half will be getting food you might attract the people who naturally eat a lot and drink a lot of water
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double-blind study
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neither the participants nor the person doing the study know which group is the experimental group and which is the control group
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survey method
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asking individuals to respond to questions
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3 limitations of the survey method
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1. honest (asking people about unacceptable behavior such as shoplifting)
2. bad memories 3. the manner in which the question is asked (might answer how they think they should) |
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case study
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studying one person or a small group intensely to get a large amount of info about a smaller number of people
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naturalistic-observation method
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when people are observed in their own "natural" environment
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what is the purpose for the naturalistic-observation method?
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to describe and understand behavior--> not find causation
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reactivity
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when being studied in a lab setting people feel the presence of the observer and act differently
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sampling
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the selection process to pick participants
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populations of interest
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where participants are selected from
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types of probability sampling
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1. simple random sample
2. stratified random sample |
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simple random sampling
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each person within a specific population of interest has the chance to be selected (if the selection process is truly random)
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stratified random sampling
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separate the population of interest into categories and take a random sample from each category
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external validity
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when findings of a study can be generalized towards an entire population
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types of nonprobability sampling
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1. haphazard sampling
2. quota sampling |
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haphazard sampling
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selection people who are convenient for you to pick--> generalization reduced
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quota sampling
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stratified random sampling but without the participants being randomly chosen
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confirmation bias
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our tendency to seek only the info that confirms our beliefs and ignoring or rationalizing info that goes against our beliefs
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cross-cultural studies
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can tell us if behavior phenomena observed among americas is the same as outside the united states
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ethical guidelines
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cannot do anything that will permanently traumatize people
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informed consent
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cannot conduct research on humans without telling them what the study is about and them agreeing to it
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what percent of research is done on nonhuman animals?
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8%
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how can you do experiments with animals?
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get approval from a committee of peers and explain the potential gains to be made from the research to justify the less-than-humane experiments
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statistics
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a mathmatical way to organize and make sense of data
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descriptive statistics
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provide a description or summary of the overall characteristics of data rather than the description of each single datum
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what are the ways to show descriptive statistics?
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frequency distributions, frequency polygons, bar graphs, measures of central tendency, and measures of variability
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frequency distribution
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a list showing the data starting with the score having the highest value and ending with the score having the lowest value and the frequency each appears
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frequency polygon
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a graph to show the same info shown in a frequency distribution--> uses lines to show same info as bar graph or histogram
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measures of central tendency
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a way to describe the overall or general characteristics of a large data set with a single number
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3 measures of central tendency
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mean, median, mode
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mean
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the arithmetic average of the entire data set
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median
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used when data is skewed (there are outliers). when ranking the scores the median is the exact middle point
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mode
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the most frequently occurring number in a data set
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what are the 2 measures of variation?
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range and standard deviation
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range
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the highest score-lowest score
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standard deviation
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tells us how much the data set deviates from the mean. the smaller the standard deviation, the less it varies. the larger the stand dev, the more it varies
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bell curve
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a distribution of scores shaped like a bell
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empirical rule in the case of a bell curve
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if you measure any characteristic among humans and it will end up in a bell curve
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empirical rule
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any general rule that is supported based on numerous studies
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+/- 1 standard deviation
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68%
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+/- 2 standard deviations
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96%
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percentage
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the number of correct items obtained by a test-taker/total number on the test
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percentile
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a score reflecting how well a person did on a test based on the other people who took it
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what does the percentage reflect?
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how well a person did on the test
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what are the 4 different ways data can be scaled?
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nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
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nominal scales of measurements
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using names or categories--> no one scale is better/higher than the others
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ordinal scale of measurement
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data is ranked from highest to lowest with respect to numeric values. there are unequal distances between the values in the data set
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example of an ordinal scale of measurement
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soccer players ranked in the state of florida are ranked from best to worst but the first person may only be a little better than the 2nd but the 50th and 51st person may have a greater distance in between
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interval scale
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equal distance between the values with no real zero
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real zero
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an absence in whatever is being measured
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example of an interval scale measurement
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thermometer--> when it says 0 degrees that does not mean that there is no temperature
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ratio scale of measurement
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equal distances between the values and it has a real zero
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example of a ratio scale of measurement
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ruler--> equal distance in between everything but if what you measure has no length than it is actually a 0
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correlation
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when two or more variables are related
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correlational coefficient
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symbolized by "r" and range from 0-1. the closer it is to 1 the higher the correlation, can be positive or negative
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positive correlation
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if one variable increases and the other variable increases
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negative correlation
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if one variable increases and the other variable decreases
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squaring the r value
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takes you to a more accurate estimate of the extent to which two variables are related
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curvilinear correlation
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as one value increases, the other increases up to a certain point. at that point the first variable continues to climb while the second begins to decline
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4/5 dentists misusage
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could have only interviewed 5 dentists, could have paid off dentists, those dentists could hold stock in that gum
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cocaine increase misusage
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news said it increased 37%, but really it was 37% of the original amount and they did not take population into account
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functionally illiterate pamphlet
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count immigrants who are literate in their language, but not in english
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bar graph misusage
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can spread out the numbers to make it seem as if there is a larger gap than there actually is
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what did MacLean (1982) say about the brain?
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it seemed to be 3 brains in one
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inner/lower portion of the brian is similar to what and why?
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a reptiles brain bc they can do basic things such as mobility, pursuing/eating food, migrating, mating, defending territory etc
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what parts of the brain are in the inner/lower brain?
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hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, pons, and the cerebellum
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what is the 2nd layer of the brain (according to maclean)
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the paleomammalian brain
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what makes up the paleomammalian brain?
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the limbic system
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what is the limbic system responsible for?
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complex emotions, motivation, curiosity and learning, and appetite
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third part of the brain (according to maclean)
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neomammalian brain
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what makes up the neomammalian brain?
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the cerebral cortex
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what does the cerebral cortex do?
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involved in planning, self-awareness, and language
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fissures
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the folds in the cerebral cortex that separate the cerebral hemispheres into four lobes
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what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
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1. frontal
2. occipital 3. temporal 4. parietal |
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frontal lobe
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association or connecting diff kinds of info and motor behavior
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occipital
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vision
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temporal
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hearing and verbalization
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parietal
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touch, sensory systems
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what do these lobes work together to do?
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receive and interpret sensory info, integrate info with memory, and develop/execute plans of action through the motor systems
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Paul Broca
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worked with a patient who injured the left side of his brain and could not speak
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Brocas area
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on the left side of the brain dealing with speech production
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wernicke
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discovered a diff lobe on the left side dealing with speech comprehension
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wernicke's area
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deals with speech comprehension
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corpus callosum
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bundle of nerve fibers that joins the two hemispheres of the brain
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what is the left hemisphere responsible for?
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comprehension and production of language, reasoning, analytical thinking
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what is the right hemisphere responsible for?
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visual perception and spatial understanding
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Moniz
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performed prefrontal lobotomies on mental patients who were violent and constantly agitated
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prefrontal lobotomy
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severing the nerves that connect the cerebral cortex to the thalamus
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result of prefrontal lobotomy
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emotions severed
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why is it difficult to study how chemicals are involved in behavior?
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very few individuals are willing to participate in the studies because they require a spinal tap or drawing blood
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neurotransmitters
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chemicals that help relay info from one fired neuron to another neuron
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prozac
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anxiety drug which inhibits the chemicals that would ordinarily break down seratonin hence preventing the seratonin levels from becoming too low
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hromones
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biological chemicals that can travel not just through the central nervous system, but also through the blood stream
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3 sources of hormones that affect behavior
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1. hypothalamus (part of limbic system)
2. gonads (testes and ovaries) 3. adrenal cortex (above kidneys) |
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dabbs and morris
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interviews with military personnel about their past behaviors in various contexts
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results of dabbs and morris
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participants with higher levels of testosterone reported having more conflictual relationships with their parents when they were young, more conflictual relationships with teachers and peers, higher drug and alc usage, and higher number of sexual partners
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what did zuckerman say regarding males with a lot of testosterone?
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they are generally more extroverted and have a higher number of sexual partners
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Dabbs, ruback, frady, hopper, sgoritas
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tested testosterone levels of imprisoned women. women who were violent during their crime had higher levels of testosterone
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goy and goldfoot
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female guinea pigs injected with testosterone engaged in mating behaviors atypical of female rats
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heredity
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refers to the biological transmission of traits that have evolved over many generations
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genetic characteristic examples
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sociability, social dominance, aggressiveness, thrill-seeking, artistic abilities
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behavioral genetics
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bridges the science of psychology and biology. examines species specific behavior patterns and universal behavior patterns that appear to cut across species
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genes
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the most basic building block of heredity, regulating the development of specific traits
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polygenic
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determined by a combo of genes
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how many genes does each cell in our body contain?
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30-40 thousand
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chromosomes
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when genes are strung together to form long complex molecules made up of DNA
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human genome project
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trying to learn how genes and DNA influence who we are and interact with environmental variables to influence our behavior and characteristics
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how many DNA sequences are throughout a person's body?
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3 billion
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kinship studies
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the direct way by which some psychologists study the influence of genes on human behavior--> closer individuals with respect to genetics have more in common
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what percent of genes to identical twins share?
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100%
|
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first cousins share what percent of genes?
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12.5%
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