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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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empiricism
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knowledge comes from experience
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rationalism
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knowledge comes from reason
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monism
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there exists only one substance, its all physical
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dualism
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physical substance is separable from mental or spiritual substance. existence of a soul
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socrates and plato
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-mind and body are seperate
-the mind exists after death -we are born with innate ideas |
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aristotle
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denied existence of innate ideas.
empiricism. mind and body not separable |
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descartes
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agreed with SP
dualist proposed first model of communication between body and mind |
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Locke
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rejected ideas of descartes
at birth, we are a blank slate empiricism, science should rely on observation and experiment founded modern empiricism, and modern science |
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Wundt
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established first psych lab
attempted to define the structure of the mind. founder of experimental or cognitive psych |
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william james
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father of american psych.
studied the function of the mind. founded functionalism. defined psych as the science of the mental life |
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modern psych
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developed from bio and philosophy
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fields of contemporary psych
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research
applied clinical phychiatrists |
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goal of science
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describe, predict, and explain
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steps of scientific method
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consider observations
develop theories develop hypothesis test hypothesis (measure or manipulate variables) consider observations |
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naturalistic observation
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observe behavior in a neutral environment.
limited to describing, provides no explanation |
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case studies
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intense studies of a single individual or group.
case may be atypical.. have limited generalizability |
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surveys
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collect shallow data from large samples.
results may depend on biased samples or wording of questions |
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correlational observation
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behaviors related are correlated
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how strong is the correlation?
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1-very positively related
-1-very negativley related |
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positive correlation
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same direction (pos or neg)
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negative correlation
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diff direction
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correlation doesnt imply...
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CAUSATION
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illusionary correlations
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people make up or look for patterns, even in random data
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experimentation
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rules out alt. explanations by controlling for them
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steps of experimentation
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manipulate only a single factor
measure the resulting change |
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variables
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anything that varies or can assume different values
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independent variable
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variable that is manipulated by the researcher
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dependent variable
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variable that id measured by the researcher. the value of the dependent variable depends on the changes in the IV
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logic of experimentation
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by starting with 2 equal groups and treating them differently, any measurable changes in the behavior between the groups must be cause by the IV.
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3 steps in an experiment (after random selection)
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-randomly assign people to groups
-treat the groups differently(variable) -test the groups and compare the average scores of the 2 groups |
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inferential stats
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identify the probability that the observed difference between the groups is due to chance.
if the prob is low enough, we conclude that rather than chance, the IV is responsible for the observed difference. |
